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- Rollo (died between 928 and 933 ) is the head Viking causing the Duchy of Normandy . In 911 , in exchange for stopping its looting, he received the King Charles the Simple territory around Rouen . About a hundred years later, this concession will become the Duchy of Normandy. It is quite difficult to fix the fabric of life of Rollo, because it is also the subject of legends.
Names and nicknames of Rollo [ edit | edit the code ]
Rollo (Rollo in Latin ) is sometimes called Robert I the Rich, Robert is the name he received at his baptism . The Norman historians gladly appoint the Rhou or Rou , resulting from the regular phonetic evolution Hrólfr in Norman dialect, according to the following scheme: Hrólfr> Rolf> Rouf (cf. Norman surnames in -ouf)> Rou (see also Osouf, Auzou Ingouf or alternatively Ygout variant). There is also a variant from the equivalent name from the continental Germanic Latinized Rodulfus (Rudolph), and another Latinized variant Radulfus (Ralf Ralph), hence its other name of Raoul. More often, he is nicknamed "Rollo the Walker" (Göngu-Hrólfr in Old Norse ), as the legend tells that no horse has ever been able to carry his imposing stature of more than two meters to more than one hundred and forty kilos . For others, the legend had to show Rollo as a giant because he was powerful and feared. For its part, Régis Boyer , professor of languages, literatures and Scandinavian civilization to the University of Paris-Sorbonne , argues that this nickname refers to his many travels, his extraordinary journey (göngu would actually göngumadr, namely vagabond).
According Adigard of Gautries , Hrólfr is the contraction of Hróó / Ulfr, meaning "fame / wolf" .
The wanderings of a Viking chief [ edit | edit the code ]
4The journey Rollo.
The history of Rollo is rather uncertain, particularly its origins. The historian Lucien Musset noted that "the success of his dynasty (Rollo is behind the line of the Dukes of Normandy ) created around him a legend halo " . In addition, sources that evoke this character are almost all late.
Some of them (notably Denmark) tell that he was born in Denmark in 845 . The sagas Icelandic thirteenth century rather have him as a Norwegian . The latter thesis seems to prevail today accession. These same sagas explain that Rollo is the son of Rognevald , an Earl ( Earl ) of the region of Møre og Romsdal , in west-central Norway . The ruins of the castle would be in the southern suburbs of Ålesund . Like many other Scandinavians , he was finally forced to leave his country and to sail the seas. The Heimskringla says he is banished by the King of Norway Harald beautiful hair for engaging in looting the country .
In all likelihood, he became head of a band of Vikings , mostly Danes and some Norwegians , mainly attacks coasts of North Sea and English Channel . Dudo of Saint-Quentin , a historian of early eleventh century adds several details, unverifiable : after his banishment from Norway, Rollo refuge to King Anglo-Saxon Alstelmus . The latter gives him a little band of English and the Viking with his hand and Anglo-Scandinavian band ravage Frisia , the mouth of the Rhine and the Scheldt .
Dudo of Saint-Quentin-site arrival of Rollo in the Frankish kingdom in 876 , the year of an important Viking incursion on the Seine . Again, no evidence to verify this claim. Today, many historians, like Jean Renaud and Lucien Musset before him doubt the accuracy of that date, and offer a late dating ( 890 - 905 ) .
The installation of Rollo in Normandy [ edit | edit the code ]
Statue of Rollo at Rouen , by Arsène Letellier (Town Hall gardens).
First contacts with Normandy [ edit | edit the code ]
In any case, whatever the date, Rollo addresses the Francia by the Seine . He discovered a region (the future Normandy) looted regularly since 841 by his fellow Vikings. His band moved to the mouth of the Seine and from there launches various raids in the Frankish kingdom. Our main source, Dudo of Saint-Quentin, reports that Rollon part in the siege of Paris between 885 - 887 , and then left for Bayeux between 886 and 890 . Beaten by the Breton Duke Alain le Grand , he would have folded to winter in Noyon .
The historian Pierre Bauduin defends the thesis of an early installation Rollo in Normandy. Long enough to install the Viking chief made contact with representatives of power Carolingian and the Church. Does not he married, more danico (and certainly force), Poppa , daughter of the Count of Bayeux Berenger , after taking the city after killing it? Rollo surely develop alliances with the authorities in place, so that in the early 910 , there is no longer an obscure band leader.
The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) [ edit | edit the code ]
The Duchy of Normandy between 911 and 1,050.
After 886/890, Rollo probably Neustrie leaves for England. It is born overseas as his son William. It is up to 898 and concludes with the archbishop of Rouen "pact of Jumièges" to save the city of Rouen . In the summer of 911, he attacks Paris, but fails. The army of Rollo besieged then Chartres but it is the defeat July 20 911 ; Legend claims that Gancelme , bishop of the city , would have made from Rollo waving the veil of the Virgin Mary . It is especially important to see the joint intervention of the great aristocrats of the kingdom: Robert , Duke of the Franks and Marquis of Neustria Justiciar Richard , Duke of Burgundy and Manasses , Count of Dijon .
This is the moment chosen by the Carolingian king Charles the Simple to negotiate with the powerful Scandinavian chef. Francon , archbishop of Rouen or perhaps its predecessor Gui is sent ambassador . It proposes the transfer of territory between the Andelle and the sea, but in return must convert. Robert approves the treaty and proposes as a sponsor of Rollo . The negotiations led to the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte in 911 . Its terms are known to us only by the story of Dudo of Saint-Quentin. The king yields to Rollon a part of Neustria , a land from the Epte to the sea base of the future duchy of Normandy . In return, Rollo commits to block the Viking incursions threatening the Frankish kingdom. He was baptized in 912 in the Rouen Cathedral by the name of Robert, named after the Duke Robert , his godfather baptism and progenitor of future kings Capetian .
Baptism of Rollo by the archbishop of Rouen.
Rollo, Earl Norman [ edit | edit the code ]
Considered by historians as the first Duke of Normandy and the founder of the duchy Norman, it however not the title of Duke of Normandy but only that of Earl of Normans , the equivalent of the French prince. Also the Latin texts they often qualify originator, ie prince. It also inherits the Carolingian charge comes Rothomagensis, Count of Rouen or marchiones, Marquis, as one who defended the Seine against Viking raids.
Government of Rollo [ edit | edit the code ]
It restores peace and security in Normandy. A legend tells that Rollon suspended for three years a gold ring to the shaft Roumare forest without anyone dare steal it. At Heuland , there is a cross called Cross of Rollo at which it is claimed he hung jewels and gold bracelets to prove that there was no thief in his duchy . Earl uses the archbishop of Rouen to revive the secular Church and restore the monastic life. The monks of Saint-Ouen in Rouen dare come back with their relics. Standardization religiously remains in its infancy.
Rollon he upsets the regional government over its Carolingian predecessors? If he inspires such Scandinavian institutions to reform the new state? The sources at our disposal do not answer. It was not until the successors of Rollo to understand the administration of the young duchy.
Viking chief Christian prince or [? alter | modify the code ]
Rollon
The installation of Rollo in Rouen not inaugurated the Scandinavian settlement in the current Normandy. It strengthens it. According to Jean Renaud , Danes had already settled at the mouth of the Seine, not counting the regular and independent settlements on the coast of Cotentin .
Rollo sharing the land "between his knights and aliens" says Guillaume de Jumièges . Given the place names , the colonists settled near the coast and in Lower Seine. But the country is far from having been deserted by the locals. She had fled the fighting, but once peace is restored and newly installed lords, life returned to normal.
After the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte , Rollo continued his plundering expeditions or more or less successful attempts of territorial expansion. He also severely with regard to the king's men, as Dudo highlights of Saint-Quentin. The following anecdote is described as legendary by historians, but it marks the rejection of royal interference in the affairs of Rouen. So in 922, two knights are sent by Charles the Simple to ensure the safety of his daughter Gisele, as he had promised to Earl wife of Norman. The two knights are not presented to Rollo and circulate without authorization in the county. When it learns of their existence, it makes capturing, and brings the Place du Vieux Marché in Rouen to decapitate them in the eyes of all. This episode is to Dudo of Saint-Quentin and Guillaume de Jumièges the beginning of the deterioration of relations between the Count and King Charles.
When momentary deposition of Charles the Simple, the Rouen Normans remain loyal to him. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, no Scandinavian fleet up the Seine to plunder the Frankish kingdom. But the records indicate us that in 923 , Rollo and his men betrayed their oath 911. According Flodoard, Ragenold , leader of the Vikings of the Loire , convinces his "Rouen compatriots" to lead a company to plunder Beauvais , which they did.
The columnist insists the number of captives francs thousand in total, which justified the reaction 924 of Count Herbert II of Vermandois and King Raoul , summoned by Hugh the Great , son of King Robert I , the predecessor of Raoul. These two characters led a punitive expedition on the Normandy County . Rollo react to this affront by pushing his army this time far beyond the Oise. To find a way out, diplomacy took to that time all its importance, and it was the Norman ambassadors who had the last word, because the king was forced to pay a tribute to the Normans . Rollo also received for repair parts of the Bessin and the Hiémois . We must not forget that the population continued to pay the danegeld the count, and that until 926 . According to the Annals of Flodoard, canon of Reims , in 924, the Earl Norman won the Carolingian power and Cinomannis Baiocae ( Le Mans and Bayeux ), that is to say, the county of Maine and Norman . Lucien Musset considers unlikely the concession throughout the county and proposes instead to talk about the region Hiémois.
In 925 , Flodoard recounts in his chronicles the journey of Rollo on the Frankish lands, which broke at the same time of peace 924. With his army, he took a position in the county of Flanders ; the cities of Beauvais , of Amiens , of Arras and finally Noyon were looted and burned to turn round. Faced with this incursion, Count Herbert and King Raoul again allied forces to pillage Normandy County. The Rollo army repulsed, but the count was faced with a revolt of the people of Bessin, which certainly refused the new earl guardianship.
Frankish repression did not stop as long, since a second assault prepared against the young Normandy. Arnulf I of Flanders seized Bresles , and directed all its forces on the Norman fortress of Eu . Rollo sent reinforcements there that Flodoard estimated thousand. But whatever their number, the Franks were due to the fortress, which fell under their control, and ends up being burned with its occupants. It is thanks to the intervention of Hugh the Great hostilities ceased. The Normans accepted the terms of the agreement and gave the land they had recently conquered. The son of Baldwin II the Bald , Arnulf I of Flanders and Adolphe de Boulogne , took their possessions. Raoul de Gouy and Helgaud Ponthieu did the same. This Norman was not stinging defeat since the Normandy county was amputated no territorial concession.
The clashes at the Picardie are placed in a context of collapse of royal power in this region (the Carolingian Charles the Simple was overthrown by Raoul ). Picardy became 920 years from "the land where faced the appetites of the major northern leaders of France "(Earl Normans, Count of Flanders , Duke of the Franks and Count of Vermandois ). With the main issue: the control of the coastal areas of the country. Where conflicts around the fortresses of Eu and Montreuil .
The uncertain end of Rollo [ edit | edit the code ]
Lying Rollo (Rollo, in Latin), the cathedral of Rouen .
The date and circumstances of the death of the first earl of Normans remain uncertain. According Richer of Reims , Rollo the Walker died in 925 during the siege of the castle of Eu , conducted by Herbert II of Vermandois and Arnulf , Count of Flanders . It is indeed possible, since in 927 , we see his son William Longsword swear allegiance to the Normans. However, Flodoard , in an ambiguous way, implies that Rollo was still living in 928 . Especially, according to Dudo of Saint-Quentin , the first Earl was not killed; he would have abdicated in favor of his son, and then lived another five years . The current historiography generally takes the story, and places the death of Rollo to 932 - 933 . By cons, English historian David Douglas does not believe in this transition period, and instead believes in a death date around 925-927 .
According to Ademar of Chabannes , Rollo would have practiced human sacrifices in honor of the pagan gods shortly before his death in 932-933, while donations to Norman churches. This anecdote is doubtful .
According to Father Anselm , he was buried in the cathedral of Rouen , and his remains were transferred to the Abbey of Fecamp in the second half of the tenth century , under the principate of Richard Fearless , his grand-son.
The recumbent figure of Rollo, located in the south ambulatory of the cathedral, is a copy of the nineteenth century the lying of Henry the Younger . It was installed in its current location in 1956 . Until 1944 , the recumbent figure of Rollo was placed in the small chapel of Saint-Romain (south aisle). Stylistically close of lying to his son, he was dating the same period, third quarter of the fourteenth century , but the original was destroyed .
On the base, is an epitaph:
"IN.SINU.TEMPLI.ROLLO.QUIESCIT
A.SE.VASTATAE.CONDITAE.NORMANNIAE.PATER.AC.PRIMUS.DUX
LABORE.QUI.FRACTUS.OCCUBUIT.OCTOGENARIO.MAIOR.AN.CM.XXXIII "
(Translation: Within the temple, lies Rollo,
father and first Duke of Normandy, founded by him and devastated.
At the end of that labor force, he died in 933, aged over 80 years.)
Genealogy [ edit | edit the code ]
Main article: Progeny of Rollo .
Charles the Simple gives his Gisele daughter Rollo.
Ancestry can Rollo.
Regarding the ancestry of Rollo, northern sources are more verbose than Norman sources. The Landnámabók or book shares land in Iceland, allows to build the family tree of right.
If we follow the story of Dudo of Saint-Quentin, Rollo had a brother, Gurim, who was killed in a battle against the king of the Danes; this before Rollo should leave his homeland.
One of its frilla (wife to the Danish way ) was the best known Poppa , daughter franc Count Berenger of Bayeux , killed during the capture of the city by the Vikings of Rollo [ref. required] . After his baptism, Rollo had received an official wife, Gisele, daughter of King Charles the Simple , Carolingian old princess in more than four years, but this is confirmed by no contemporaneous documents .
His son William succeeded him around 927. His daughter Gerloc later became the wife of William Head-d'Étoupe , Count of Poitiers and Duke of Aquitaine .
References [ change | edit the code ]
↑ (in) Rollo Genealogy on the website Medieval Lands [archive]
↑ a and b Neveux 2009 , p. 73.
↑ Jacques Antoine Dulaure , civil and moral history of physical surroundings of Paris III, p.37 chap.5
↑ Jean Adigard of Gautries , The Names of people in 911 Scandinavian Normandy in 1066, Lund, 1954.
↑ Lucien Musset , "Birth of Normandy" in Boüard Michel (ed.), History of Normandy, 1970.
↑ George Bernard Depping, History of the maritime expeditions of the Normans, and their establishment in France in the tenth ...
↑ Heimskringla, Harald history to Fairhair, translation François-Xavier Dillmann , Chapter 24, p. 141
↑ De moribus and actis primorum Normanniae ducum of Dudo of Saint Quentin is a long story from the oral tradition; which led to it being considered by competent critics as unreliable. Other authorities as Pierre Bauduin or François Neveux nevertheless consider, without denying the presence of the legend, the value of this work as significant for the history of the Normans.
↑ This king is unknown. Perhaps is it of Alfred the Great who lives at the same time
↑ a and b Neveux 2009 , p. 74.
↑ According to Dudo of Saint-Quentin , 876 corresponds to the date of the meeting between Rollon and the archbishop of Rouen Francon in Jumièges . Francon would have dealt with the Scandinavian leader and would let him into Rouen without a fight. The specialist of the Vikings, Jean Renaud, does not deny the reality of this agreement (the épargnement of the city and its people by the Vikings against the right to settle) but prefers to place it later. Indeed, a later interpolation , made by a monk of Limoges in the Ademar of Chabannes Chronicle, is the arrival of Rollo in the Seine estuary between 896 and 900
↑ a , b and c Neveux 2009 , p. 77.
↑ a , b and c Neveux 2009 , p. 79.
↑ a and b Neveux 2009 , p. 80.
↑ General Directions of France, Normandy, p. 421, Adolphe Joanne, 1866 Read online [archive]
↑ Jean Renaud, The Vikings and Normandy, western France editions, Rennes, 1989. Chapter V (p.84), the author tells us that a tribute was paid by the Carolingian king while he ceded to Rollo Bessin and Hiémois. This operation was to repair the damage suffered by the Norman count, since the Frankish troops had crossed the Epte without permission. In the Annals of Flodoard columnist states that tax was lifted across the kingdom to buy peace with the Normans.
↑ Jean Renaud, The Vikings and Normandy, western France editions, Rennes, 1989. Chapter V (p.85) the author is surprised that the toll had risen danegeld or until 926, fifteen years after the founding of County Rouen.
↑ Pierre Bauduin, the first Normandy, p. 148.
↑ David Douglas, "Rollo", English Historical Review, Vol.57, No. 228, October 1942, p. 434-436.
↑ Idem.
↑ Neveux 2009 , p. 87.
↑ François Neveux , Normandy Dukes kings, Rennes, western France, 2002, p. 33.
↑ David Douglas, op. cit.
↑ François Neveux, Normandy Dukes kings, tenth and twelfth century. Editions Ouest-France, 1998. ( ISBN 2737309859 )
↑ a and b Markus Schlicht, Rouen Cathedral in 1300 (Vincent Juhel Pref.): Bookstores Portal, Portal Calende, Lady Chapel, Caen, Society of Antiquaries of Normandy, 2005 , 426 pp. ( ISBN 2-9510558-3-8 , OCLC 1279-6662 [archive] ), p. 347
↑ Marjorie Chibnall, The Normans, 2001, p. 12.
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See this design.
Rollon
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Chronology of earls and dukes of Normandy from 911 to 1204
See also [ edit | edit the code ]
Sources [ edit | edit the code ]
Dudo of Saint-Quentin , De Moribus and actis primorum Normanniae ducum v. 1020, ed. J. Lair, in Memoirs of the Society of Antiquaries of Normandy, Volume XXIII, Caen, 1865
Flodoard , Annals, 918-966
William of Jumièges , Gesta Normannorum ducum, v.1071-1072, Oxford, ed. Van Houts, 2 vols., 1992-1995
References [ change | edit the code ]
Louis de Saint-Pierre, Rollo before history, Paris, Peyronnet, 1949
Lucien Musset , Nordica and Normannica. Collection of Studies on Ancient and Medieval Scandinavia, the Viking expeditions and the founding of Normandy, Paris, Society of Northern Studies, 1997 ( ISBN 2-912420-00-8 )
Pierre Bauduin , "Scandinavian raids in the establishment of the Principality of Rouen" in Elisabeth Deniaux Claude Lorren Pierre Bauduin and Thomas Jarry, Normandy before the Normans, the Roman conquest to the arrival of the Vikings, Rennes, editions Ouest-France University, 2002 ( ISBN 2-7373-1117-9 ) .
François Neveux , Normandy Dukes kings, Rennes, western France, 2002 ( ISBN 2-7373-0985-9 )
Jean Renaud and Sigrid, Rollo, the Viking chief, Ouest-France University Publishing, 2006 ( ISBN 978-2-7373-3592-1 )
François Neveux , The Adventure of the Normans: VIII thirteenth century, Paris, Perrin, coll "Tempus". 2009 , 368 pp. ( ISBN 978-2-262-02981-4 )
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