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 #   Notes   Linked to 
1351 Died young. WILSFORD, Constance (I12722)
 
1352 Divorced 1912 Family (F4944)
 
1353 Divorced 1958 Family (F4940)
 
1354 Divorced 1975
DEPOT TBD SOURCE RSC TYPE LEER VOLUME_NO 5A/1779 SYSTEM 01 REFERENCE I237/74 PART 1 DESCRIPTION BAKER, WALTER CHARLES. STARTING 19750411 ENDING 19750411 REMARKS ILLIQUID CASE: DIVORCE. DORIS MILDRED BAKER. FORMERLY BODEKER. BORN SHURROCK BAKER.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPOT TBD SOURCE RSC TYPE LEER VOLUME_NO 5A/1779 SYSTEM 01 REFERENCE I237/74 PART 1 DESCRIPTION BAKER, DORIS MILDRED. FORMERLY BODEKER. BORN SHURROCK. STARTING 19750411 ENDING 19750411 REMARKS ILLIQUID CASE: DIVORCE. WALTER CHARLES BAKER. 		Family (F2753)
 
1355 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. Family (F3549)
 
1356 Divorced during July 2002 finalized 31 Mar 2003. Family (F3366)
 
1357 DNA Match quality - excellent
0.5% (37.3‎ cM) Shared DNA
3 Shared segments
24.2‎ cM Largest segment

Nathan ANDERSON DNA Match and Susan Dara YOUNG are 5th cousins. Their common ancestors are John GREGORY and Judith DODD.

Nathan ANDERSON DNA Match and Susan Dara YOUNG are 9th cousins 1 time removed. Their common ancestors are John SPILLETT and Marion HOPPER. 		ANDERSON, Nathan DNA Match (I18396)
 
1358 Doctor of Divinity, prebendary of St. Paul and Peterborough and vicar of Lydd, Provost of Oriel College, Oxford. MI at Chapel of Oriel College. CARTER, George (I7244)
 
1359 Document reference Archdeaconry Court Inventory PRC11/48/6
Source Kent inventories, 1571-1842 		AUSTIN, Thomas (I9963)
 
1360 Dodd, Austen, of Elmstead, ba., and
Sarah Stokes of Lenham, spr. At
L. or Wychling. May 3, 1735.

Dodd, David, of Eastry, ba., and Ann
Slather of Northbourne, spr. At N.,
Selling or Elmstead. Jan. 5, 1729.

Dodd, John, of Ashford, ba., and Marg.
Burden of S. Marg., Cant., spr. At
S. M., Hackington or S. Martin,
Cant. Aug. 17, 1741.

Dodd, John, of Pluckley, ba., and Cath.
Walker at Little Chart., spr. At L.
C. or P. Sept. 17, 1748.

Dodd, Robert, of Hothfield, ba., and
Marg. Gorham of Ashford, spr. At
Maidstone. Jan. 22, 1735.

Dodd, Robert, of Ashford, widr., and
Mary Brown, s. p., spr. At Hackington
or S. Marg., Cant. Oct. 4, 1746.

Dodd, Thomas, of S. M. Magd., ba., and
Frances Lake of S. Andrew, spr. At
S. A., Harbledown or Whitstable.
Jan. 20, 1736.

Dodd, William, of Throwley, ba., and
Sarah Coles of Sheldwich, spr. At
S., Goodnestone n. Faversham, Seasalter
or Stockbury. Nov. 8, 1749.123 		DODD, William (I3864)
 
1361 Dodd, Austen, of Elmstead, ba., and
Sarah Stokes of Lenham, spr. At
L. or Wychling. May 3, 1735.

Dodd, David, of Eastry, ba., and Ann
Slather of Northbourne, spr. At N.,
Selling or Elmstead. Jan. 5, 1729.

Dodd, John, of Ashford, ba., and Marg.
Burden of S. Marg., Cant., spr. At
S. M., Hackington or S. Martin,
Cant. Aug. 17, 1741.

Dodd, John, of Pluckley, ba., and Cath.
Walker uf Little Chart., spr. At L.
C. or P. Sept. 17, 1748.

Dodd, Robert, of Hothfield, ba., and
Marg. Gorham of Ashford, spr. At
Maidstone. Jan. 22, 1735.

Dodd, Robert, of Ashford, widr., and
Mary Brown, s. p., spr. At Hackington
or S. Marg., Cant. Oct. 4, 1746.

Dodd, Thomas, of S. M. Magd., ba., and
Frances Lake of S. Andrew, spr. At
S. A., Harbledown or Whitstable.
Jan. 20, 1736.

Dodd, William, ba., and Mary Foord,
spr., both of Elmstead. At S. Marg.,
Cant. or E. Jan. 8, 1728.

Dodd, William, of Throwley, ba., and
Sarah Coles of Sheldwich, spr. At
S., Goodnestone n. Faversham, Seasalter
or Stockbury. Nov. 8, 1749.123 		DODD, Robert (I3855)
 
1362 Dodd, Austen, of Elmstead, ba., and Sarah Stokes of Lenham, spr. At L. or Wychling. May 3, 1735.
 		Family (F1527)
 
1363 Does appear with family in 1911 living with brother, Arthur and his wife, along with her brother Charles.

Possible marriage:
Dorothy A Osborne Year of Registration: 1913 Quarter of Registration: Apr-May-Jun Spouse's Surname: Jackson District: Hampstead County: Greater London, London, Middlesex Volume: 1a Page: 1254
spouse: George J F Jackson

Possible death of George J F Jackson
Name: George J F Jackson Death Registration Month/Year: 1964 Age at death (estimated): 81 Registration district: Midhurst Inferred County: Sussex Volume: 5h Page: 649 		OSBORNE, Dorothy Ada (I6607)
 
1364 Doing a speculative search of the 1881 census index has produced a possible husband for Lucy Ruck. Search parameters were name, year and place of birth - in this case: Lucy, 1836+/-3, Lenham. A match was returned whereby a Lucy was the wife of Thomas Caryer aged 52 born Minster Sheppey. They were living at Little Rides Farm in Eastchurch on Sheppey with son Charles W. aged 16 also born at Eastchurch. RUCK, Lucy (I3265)
 
1365 Doris May Scott (Ruck)
Birthdate: May 2, 1922 (88)
Birthplace: Sittingbourne, Kent, England, United Kingdom
Death: November 2010 (88)
Gillingham, Medway, England, United Kingdom (Complications after broken hip)
Place of Burial: Sittingbourne, Kent, England, United Kingdom
Immediate Family:
Daughter of Charles John Ruck and Annie Ruck
Wife of Albert Frerick John Scott
Mother of Mitchell (Ruck); Private User; Terence Robert Scott and Michael Charles Scott
Sister of Charlie Charles William Ruck
Occupation: Baker/Confectioners wife/Clerk
Managed by: Michael Charles Scott
Last Updated: August 3, 2017 		RUCK, Doris May (I15717)
 
1366 Doris received a certification from the Collegiate Institutes High Schools and Continuation Schools of Ontario, dated 12 July 1932 at Willowdale, Ontario, certifying her compliance with the requirements of the Department of Education for admission to a Collegiate Institute, High School or Continuation School (original in possession of Susan Young).


1958 Canada Voters List, Niagara Falls, Ontario
2564 Level Avenue, Barnhart, Floyd NYC
2564 Level Avenue, Mrs. Doris Barnhart

1962 Canada Voters List, Niagara Falls, Ontario
2564 Level Avenue, Barnhart, Floyd NYC
2564 Level Avenue, Mrs. Doris Barnhart

1963 Canada Voters List, Niagara Falls, Ontario
2564 Level Avenue, Barnhart, Floyd inspector
2564 Level Avenue, Mrs. Doris Barnhart

1965 Canada Voters List, Niagara Falls, Ontario
1904 Murray Street, Barnhart, Floyd railroad inspector
1904 Murray Street, Mrs. Doris Barnhart

1968 Canada Voters List, Niagara Falls, Ontario
1904 Murray Street, Barnhart, Floyd car inspector
1904 Murray Street, Mrs. Doris Barnhart

1972 Canada Voters List, Niagara Falls, Ontario
5904 Murray Street, Barnhart, Floyd inspector
5904 Murray Street, Mrs. Doris Barnhart 		HILL, Doris Rhoda (I6)
 
1367 Dorothy died unmarried. RUCK, Dorothy (I5391)
 
1368 Dorothy, bis first wife, died 16 Dec. 1580, in child-birth, fol 25b.

vol. 1, p. 569
" I had in y* right of my saied wife Dorothe
a smale howse in Winchester, web I sowld, she beinge sole dowgh-
ter and heire to ye sayde Doctor ; wch sayed howse was by him
morgaged to one of Wynchester, who keepinge posn, and pretending
some absolut tytle, I dyd, in right of my wife, comence
suite against him, and, hanging the suite, we fell to composition,
and my wife and I sowlde him our interest for monye payed ; so
as my sonne Robert Honywood may qrter the armes of ye saied
Doctor John Crooke as heier to his mother, the saied howse
beinge all ye lande yt ye sayd Doctor left; and the saied Doctor
was ye eldest sonn of his father ; this howse was but a tenemt of
40*. p an. and I had uppon our compownding ye suit for ye same
but twenty markes." 		CROOKE, Dorothy (I20123)
 
1369 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. Living (I17553)
 
1370 Draper ADAMS, William (I8875)
 
1371 Drowned himself. WHITFELD, John (I14604)
 
1372 Drowned in his favourite wine! PLANTAGANET, George 1st Duke of Clarence (I17568)
 
1373 Drowned. WHITFIELD, Ernest Barry (I5196)
 
1374 Duke Ydulf is the earliest proven ancestor in this line. His descendantswent on to found the houses of Milford Haven and Mountbatten. YDULF, Duke (I1811)
 
1375 During 1917-1918 resided at 72 West Street, Faversham, Kent, England. (See military personnel file of William John Owlett, her brother.) OWLETT, Mahala Stowers (I6593)
 
1376 During January 1855, John and his family emigrated to the USA with his brothers Stephen and Daniel on the Charles Buck, an LDS emigration ship. John was described as a fisherman. SPILLETT, John (I4072)
 
1377 During May of 1866 Elizabeth (daughter of Edward and Ann Gregory) married George Duncan, a mariner and the brother of Archibald Duncan. Archibald Duncan had married Elizabeth's aunt, Emma Gregory during 1858.

Elizabeth and George Duncan lived at 92 West Street Passage in Faversham during 1871 with the first three of their children. In total, Elizabeth bore George a total for 14 children, a fact which was clearly recalled by Edith Owlet and which has now been proved to be true through the various church registers of baptisms and civil registrations of births. Despite Lizzie's hectic live with 14 children she managed to open and maintain a fish shop in or close to Faversham for many years.

George Duncan was born at Preston by Faversham, Kent on 26 August 1838 to Archibald Duncan and Deborah (nee Arnold). Archibald, George's father, had been a twin and certainly there is evidence of one set of twins having been born to George and Elizabeth - Emma and Deborah who were born during 1873. Sadly, Emma did not survive and died on 25 September 1873 just 7 days following her birth.

Some of the Duncan children emigrated to the U.S.A. - Edith, Clara, Ethel and Martha. Edith arrived at Ellis Island, New York City aboard the Berlin out of Southampton on 20 August 1894. Her age on arrival was a very young 16 years old. Martha arrived at Ellis Island on board the Mauretania on 26 January 1920 at age 28 years. She also had sailed out of Southampton.

As of 1881 George Duncan, Jr. was residing with his paternal aunt, Jane Odey and her family at 56 Canterbury Road, Gillingham, Kent.

Percy was the only child that could be easilytraced in the Faversham parish registers. He worked as a waterman and operated as a bridgeman for Faversham for several years. He married circa 1904 Agnes Florence. Together, they had at least four children: Mildred Florence in 1905, Ethel May 1907, Dorothy 1910 and Percy Charles in 1913.

Florence, or Flossie as we always knew her, did not marry. There are several family stories pertaining to Flossie but only one common thread among them. It is believed that she suffered from some form of mental incapacity - cause and complaint unknown. To what extent that handicap affected her daily life is also unknown. Flossie died during May 1907 and Elizabeth, her mother, during 1911.

As of 1881 the family lived at 3 Partridge Place but by 1891 had moved to 57 West Street in Faversham.

George is the only Duncan I have been able to determine that remained a member of the Latter Day Saints Church in Faversham, although I suspect that his parents had been very early converts to the Mormon faith. George was baptised into the LDS church at the age of 12 on 7 September 1851. On December 16, 1855 he was "cut off" from membership in the church but no reason was given in the record. George was later rebaptised into the church on 3 June 1872. As of December 15, 1872 George was installed as a deacon and elder of the church. On April 21, 1878 he was installed as a priest of the church and on November 24th that same year was again installed as an elder of the church.

Edith, George's sixth child, was the only one blessed in the traditional Latter-Day Saints blessing ceremony. The blessing took place on 22 June 1879 and was performed by George. He was very prompt in paying his tithes to the church and missionary fund and the church's records, so far as they exist, show that all tithes were paid between 1876 and 1879.

On 29 August 1916 at Salt Lake City temple numerous "Baptisms for the Dead" were performed at the request of one John A. Abery acting in the capacity of "friend" to the Duncans, with Phillis Gransden acting as proxy, for several of the female members of our Duncan family:

11553 Elizabeth Duncan (nee Gregory), born 12 Aug 1848, died 20 February 1911 of Faversham, Kent, England
11554 Emma Duncan, born 17 Sept 1873 died 25 Sept 1873 of Faversham
11555 Florence Duncan, born 10 May 1881, died May 1907, of Faversham
11556 Deborah Duncan (nee Arnold - by process of elimination), birth date not listed, died March 1866
11557 Harriet (Duncan) Banks, born 1818, died 8 February 1892

On M.I. Wife of George aged 62

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Top of Form 1 Re: Duncan (KENT, ENG) - seeking descendants
Posted by: Donna Ross (ID *****7579) Date: November 20, 2005 at 14:49:11
In Reply to: Duncan (KENT, ENG) - seeking descendants by Susan Young of 7797
Bottom of Form 1
Hi Susan: I'm doing some Duncan family research for a close friend of mine who is a descendent of George Duncan and Elizabeth Gregory. George's daughter Edith is my friend's great grandmother. She married Alfred James Deacon. My friend is Jeff Deacon. I'm having a very hard time getting any information beyond George, perhaps since I don't know what records to search in England! We're in the US Can you give me any direction? 		GREGORY, Elizabeth (I1518)
 
1378 During the period 1780 through 1793 there was property on West Street in Faversham that had been owned by Sarah King, a widow. From 1780 through 1783 that property was occupied by a William Gregory. However, commencing in 1784 that same property was occupied by Edward Gregory up until the time of his death in 1791. Thereafter, the property was occupied by "Edward Gregory's widow". I have long puzzled over the reference to William Gregory and have to wonder if the name had simply been a recording error. Edward Gregory's father was a Richard Gregory, yet, to date, no burial has been found for him in Ospringe, Preston-next-Faversham, Faversham or St. Martin, Canterbury. GREGORY, Edward (I2483)
 
1379 Earl of Hertford. Clare; Tonbridge; St. Hilary; half ( Gifford, Gloucester, Glamorgan, Gwynllwg). Some sources say married Isabella 1214. The Complete Peerage vol.V,pp694-6. DE CLARE, Gilbert 4th Earl of Hertford, 5th Earl of Gloucester, 1st Lord of Glamorgan, 7th Lord of Clare (I1836)
 
1380 Earliest proved ancestor of this line. FITZUCHTRED, Lord of Raby Dolphin (I1684)
 
1381 Early Chancery proceedings Vol. 11
Bundle 51, p. 183 addressed to the bishop of Lincoln, 1475-1480 and 1483-1485
#828
William son of John Dene, husbandman. John Harvyld and Margery, his wife, previously the wife of John, brother of the said William.
second party Bernard Cavell, yeoman, feoffee to uses
Messuage and land in Chiselhurst, Kent


Bundle 73, p. 548 - addressed to the Chancellor uncertain. in England, 14th and 15th centuries
#56
Edmund, son of Monyn Potevyne, of Sandwich, deceased
2nd party Nicholas Dene, of Sandwich, who has married complainant's mother
Jewels bequeather to complainant by his father.

Bundle 41, p. 36 addressed to the bishop of Bath 1467-1472, 1433-1443
# 13
Richard Bowyer
second party Robert Reve, Thomas Philpot and James Dygon, feoffees to the use of Richard Dene.
Messuage in Maidstone, sold by Richard Dene to complainant.

#14
Richard Dene
second party James Digon, feoffee to complainant's use
Messuage in Maidstone sold by complainant to Aleyn Letton 		A’DENNE, Unknown (I16374)
 
1382 Early life[edit]
He was a son of Sir Robert de Holland of Upholland, Lancashire and Elizabeth, daughter of William de Samlesbury.

Robert was a member of the noble Holland family and a favourite official of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and had been knighted by 1305. Robert was appointed on 20 December 1307 in a matter concerning the Knight Templars,[1] shortly before Edward II ordered their arrest and trials in January 1308. In October 1313 Robert was pardoned for his role in the death of Piers Gaveston.[1] From 1314 to 1321 he was called to Parliament as a Baron and was appointed as Secretary to the Earl of Lancaster.[2]

Banastre Rebellion (1315)[edit]
His favoured treatment by the powerful earl caused his rival knights in the area, led by Sir Adam Banastre, Sir Henry de Lea, and Sir William de Bradshagh (Bradshaw), to start a campaign of violence towards him and the earl's other supporters known as the Banastre Rebellion. The rebels protested against the earl's actions and authority by attacking the homes of his supporters and several castles, including Liverpool Castle. Sir Robert later assisted in the hunt for fugitives after the rebels had been routed in Preston by a force under the command of the Sheriff.

Battle of Boroughbridge (1322) & Invasion of England (1326)[edit]
On 4 March 1322 Sir Robert was ordered to join the king with horses and men to defend against Lancaster's rebellion.[1] Twelve days later Robert betrayed the king and fought alongside Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge.[1]

After their defeat, Robert surrendered[1] and was imprisoned and had his lands confiscated. He was released from prison but was accused of having joined with other rebels in raids on the estates of Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester over the next few years.[1] Robert was again imprisoned in Warwick Castle[3] before being moved in 1326 to Northampton Castle from which he escaped.[4]

Demise[edit]
Following Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer's overthrow of Edward II, Holland was pardoned for his escape from Northampton at the request of Henry de Beaumont;[4] his lands were restored to him on 24 December 1327.[5]

Robert still had enemies from the Banastre Rebellion though and in June 1328 they attempted to outlaw Holland for the deaths of Adam Banastre and his followers, thirteen years after their deaths.[5] Robert appealed against this but was killed[5] in October in a wood near Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire.[2] Thomas Wither is named by some as the murderer[2] and is claimed to have been a supporter of the new Earl of Lancaster, Henry[2] but in light of Robert's outlawry in June may have been a supporter of Banastre as well. Holland was beheaded, his head sent to the Earl of Lancaster at Waltham Cross and his body to Preston, Lancashire where it was buried in the church of Grey Friars.[2] The inaccuracies of some accounts of Holland suggest his rivals may have smeared him deliberately.

An Inquisition Post Mortem held in October 1328 found he held lands in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Warwickshire, Leicestershire and London.[6]

Marriage and issue[edit]

Melbourne Castle was started by de Holland in Melbourne, Derbyshire.[7]
He married before 1309/10 (being contracted to marry in or before 1305/6) Maud la Zouche, daughter and co-heiress of Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby, by his wife, Eleanor de Segrave. Robert and Maud had nine children:

Robert de Holand (born c.1311–12 [aged 16 in 1328, aged 30 and more in 1349] – died 16 March 1372/3), 2nd Baron Holand. He married before 25 June 1343 (date of fine) Elizabeth _____.
Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, KG (died 26 or 28 December 1360), of Broughton, Buckinghamshire, Hawes (in Brackley), Brackley and King’s Sutton, Northamptonshire, Horden, Durham, etc.; in 1353, created Baron Holand; Captain and Lieutenant of Brittany, 1354–5, Warden of the Channel Islands, 1356, Captain of the Fort of Cruyk, Normandy, 1357, Captain of St. Sauveur-le-Vicomte [Manche] in Normandy, 1359, Warden of the Town of Barfleur, 1359, Joint Captain and Lieutenant of Normandy, 1359, Captain and Lieutenant-General in France and Normandy, 1360; created Earl of Kent in 1360. He married Joan Plantagenet, the 'Fair Maid of Kent'. One of the founders and 13th Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1348.
Sir Otho Holand, KG (died 3 September 1359), of Ashford, Chesterfield, and Dalbury, Derbyshire, Yoxall, Staffordshire, Talworth (in Long Ditton), Surrey, etc., Governor of the Channel Islands, 1359. He married Joan _____. He was one of the founders and 23rd Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1348.
Alan de Holand, of Great Houghton, Yorkshire, living 13 October 1331 (date of fine). He was killed sometime before 30 October 1339 by William Bate, of Dunham-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.
Isabel de Holand. Mistress of John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey.
Margaret de Holand (died 20 or 22 August 1349). She married Sir John Tempest, Knt., of Bracewell, Yorkshire, England.
Maud de Holand (living 1342). She married (1st) John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray; (2nd) Thomas de Swinnerton, Knt., 3rd Lord Swinnerton.
Elizabeth de Holand (died 13 July 1387). She married Henry Fitz Roger, Knt., of Chewton, Somerset, descendant of Herbert of Winchester.[8]
Eleanor de Holand (died before 21 Nov. 1341). She married John Darcy, Knt., 2nd Lord Darcy of Knaith.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Parl Writs II Digest 1834.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Holland 1902
Jump up ^ Moor 1929
^ Jump up to: a b Patent Rolls & 1232–1509.
^ Jump up to: a b c Close Rolls & 1224–1468.
Jump up ^ Cal Inq PMs VII.
Jump up ^ Melbourne Castle, Picture the Past, accessed August 2009
Jump up ^ Burke, J. (1838) A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland Oxford University pg 729(via Google)
Bibliography[edit]
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem. VII. London: HMSO. 1909.
Holland, Bernard (1917). The Lancashire Hollands. London: John Murray.
Holland, Edgar (1902). A History of the Family of Holland of Mobberley and Knutsford. Edinburgh: Ballantyne Press.
Moor, Charles (1929). The Knights of Edward I. London: Harleian Society.
Close Rolls. Westminster: Parliament of England. 1224–1468.
Patent Rolls. Westminster: Parliament of England. 1232–1509.
Parliamentary Writs Alphabetical Digest. II. London: Public Record Office. 1834.
Plantagenet Ancestry by Douglas Richardson, et al., 2004 ISBN 978-0-8063-1750-2 		HOLLAND, Robert de 1st Baron Holand (I15217)
 
1383 Eaton Daw 1791 Hunton Appointment Constable EATON, Daw (I12330)
 
1384 Edith Agnes was born on 4 March 1856 and baptised on 2 April 1856 in St. Andrews, Deal. She worked as a hairdresser. She had a daughter, Esther, born in the Marylebone Workhouse during 1878. At that time she gave her address as 10 Bell Street, Marylebone. She was 24 when she married Helier John Peagram on 13 December 1880 at St. Giles in the Fields, London. Helier Peagram was a widower, aged 22, a hairdresser, born in St. Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands. They gave their address as 24 Huntley Street. No Kennetts witnessed the wedding.

In 1881 they were living at 63 Holmby Street, Camberwell, London. He was aged 23 in 1881.

In 1911 when Helier signed his Will the family were living at 19 estern Road, Hove, Sussex. Helier died on 30 April 1917. In his Will he mentions a daughter Maude Annie with a married surname of Staddow, living in Australia and Esther Jane, his wife. There was no mention of his 'daughter', Esther.

In 1827 hen she registered Harriet Delo's death, Edith was living at 25 Goldstone Villas, Hove, Sussex. Edith, herself, died on 31 october 1934 aged 78 years while still residing at the same address. Esther Jennings, Edith's daughter, was with her. She left GB461. This Edith's Will does not mention Maude just Esther Jennings and her children so presumably Maude was Helier's child by his first wife.

Helier's Will was proved in 1917 to Edith. 		KENNETT, Edith Agnes (I4766)
 
1385 Edmund 'Crouchback' Plantagenet, Earl of Leicester gained the title of King Edmund of Sicily on 7 January 1254. He abdicated as King of Sicily in 1263. He gained the title of Earl of Leicester on 26 October 1265. He gained the title of 1st Earl of Lancaster on 30 June 1267. As a result of his marriage, Edmund 'Crouchback' Plantagenet, Earl of Leicester was styled as Comte de Brie in 1276. As a result of his marriage, Edmund 'Crouchback' Plantagenet, Earl of Leicester was styled as Comte de Champagne in 1276.

Citations:

Royal Genealogies Website (ROYAL92.GED), online (ftp://ftp.cac.psu.edu/genealogy/public_html/royal/index.html).

Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 74. 		PLANTAGANET, Edmund "Crouchback" Earl of Leicester (I9362)
 
1386 Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and jure uxoris Earl of Ulster (1 February 1352 – 27 December 1381) was son of Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, by his wife Philippa, daughter of William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury and Catherine Grandison.

Early life
An infant at the death of his father, Edmund, as a ward of the crown, was placed by Edward III of England under the care of William of Wykeham and Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel. The position of the young earl, powerful on account of his possessions and hereditary influence in the Welsh marches, was rendered still more important by his marriage on 24 August 1369 at the age of 17 to the 14-year-old Philippa, the only child of the late Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, the second son of Edward III.[1]

Lionel's late wife, Elizabeth, had been daughter and heiress of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, and Lionel had himself been created Earl of Ulster before his marriage. Edmund inherited the title Earl of Ulster on Lionel's death. Therefore, the Earl of March not only represented one of the chief Anglo-Norman lordships in Ireland in right of his wife Philippa, but Philippa's line was also the second most senior line of descent in the succession to the crown, after Edward, the Black Prince and his son, King Richard II of England.[1] John of Gaunt, younger brother of Prince Edward, had become the 1st Duke of Lancaster and thus the source of the House of Lancaster's claim to the throne.

This marriage had, therefore, far-reaching consequences in English history, ultimately giving rise to the claim of the House of York to the crown of England contested in the Wars of the Roses between the Yorks and the Lancasters; Edward IV being descended from the second adult son of Edward III as great-great-grandson of Philippa, countess of March, and in the male line from Edmund of Langley, the first Duke of York and the fourth adult son of Edward III. Edmund Mortimer's son Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March would become heir presumptive to the English crown during the reign of Richard II.[1]

Political advancement
Mortimer, now styled Earl of March and Ulster, became Marshal of England in 1369, and was employed in various diplomatic missions during the next following years. He was a member of the committee appointed by the Peers to confer with the Commons in 1373 – the first instance of such a joint conference since the institution of representative parliaments on the question of granting supplies for John of Gaunt's war in France.[1]

He participated in the opposition to Edward III and the court party, which grew in strength towards the end of the reign, taking the popular side and being prominent in the Good Parliament of 1376 among the lords who supported the Prince of Wales and opposed the Court Party and John of Gaunt. The Speaker of the House of Commons in this parliament was March's steward, Peter de la Mare, (1294-1387 of Little Hereford, Hereford), who firmly withstood John of Gaunt in stating the grievances of the Commons, in supporting the impeachment of several high court officials, and in procuring the banishment of the king's mistress, Alice Perrers. March was a member of the administrative council appointed by the same parliament after the death of Edward, the Black Prince to attend the king and advise him in all public affairs.[1]

Following the end of the Good Parliament its acts were reversed by John of Gaunt, March's steward was jailed, and March himself was ordered to inspect Calais and other remote royal castles as part of his duty as Marshal of England. March chose instead to resign the post.[2]

Sent to govern Ireland
On the accession of Richard II, a minor, in 1377, the Earl became a member of the standing council of government; though as husband of the heir-presumptive to the crown he wisely refrained from claiming any actual administrative office. The richest and most powerful person in the realm was, however, the king's uncle John of Gaunt, whose jealousy led March to accept the office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1379. March succeeded in asserting his authority in eastern Ulster, but failed to subdue the O'Neills farther west. Proceeding to Munster to put down the turbulent southern chieftains, March was killed at Cork on 27 December 1381.[2] He was buried in Wigmore Abbey, of which he had been a benefactor, and where his wife Philippa was also interred.[1]

Children
The earl had two sons and two daughters:[2]

Elizabeth (1371–1417), married Henry "Hotspur" Percy, son of the Earl of Northumberland, and had issue. She may have later married Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys and had issue.[3]
Roger (1374–1398), succeeded him as 4th Earl of March and Ulster; married Alianore Holland and had issue.
Edmund (1376–1409), married Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr and had issue.
Philippa (1375–1401), married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke; after his death in 1389 she became the second wife of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel; she married thirdly Sir Thomas Poynings, 5th Baron St John of Basing.[4]
Ancestry
Ancestors of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
Notes
McNeill 1911, p. 686.
Tout
Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, pg 577–578.
Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, pg 320, 570.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: McNeill, Ronald John (1911). "March, Earls of". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 685–688.
Archer, Thomas Andrew (1886). "Camoys, Thomas de" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 306–307.
Tout, T. F. (1894). "Mortimer, Edmund de (1351-1381)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 39. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 119–121.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_3rd_Earl_of_March 		MORTIMER, Edmund 3rd Earl of March (I18657)
 
1387 Edmund de Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford (1272/3-1308), was the son of Nicholas de Stafford, who was summoned to parliament by writ on 6 February 1299 by King Edward I.

The origins of the Stafford family
Main article: Feudal barony of Stafford
The Staffords were first found in the Domesday survey, with Robert de Stafford in possession of around 131 lordships, including being the governor of Stafford Castle from which the name is assumed to have been taken. Over the next 200 years, the following Staffords inherited the estate:[1][2]

Nicholas de Stafford, who was sheriff of Staffordshire. Married Maud.
Robert de Stafford (died abt 1176); son of Nicholas. He was sheriff of Staffordshire and also performed a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Married Anastasia
Robert de Stafford. Son of Robert, died without issue and succeeded by his sister Milisent.
Milisent de Stafford. married Hervey Bagot, who paid three marks to the crown for his wife's inheritance. Their son and heir assumed the maternal surname.
Hervey de Stafford (died 1237). Fought with King Henry III at siege of Bitham Castle, Lincs. Married Patronill (Petronella), sister of William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby.
Hervey de Stafford. Died without issue in 1241 and was succeeded by his brother
Robert de Stafford (died 1282). Had to pay Henry III £100 for livery of his lands; fought in the wars in Gascony and in Wales. Married Alice Corbet, daughter and heir of Thomas Corbet, of Caus.
Nicholas de Stafford. Active in wars against the Welsh; killed at Dryslwyn Castle in 1287. He had first married Anne de Langley and then Eleanor De Clinton, with whom he had issue.
Edmund, first baron
Edmund was born in Clifton, Staffordshire, in 1272. He inherited the estates on the death of his father in 1287 and distinguished himself in the Scottish wars with King Edward I. He was summoned to Parliament by writ on 6 February 1299 and had regular summonses for the rest of his life.

Edmund married before 1298 (date of settlement) Margaret Basset, daughter of Ralph Basset, Lord Basset of Drayton and Hawise de Grey.[3] Their children were:[1]

Ralph de Stafford (1301–1372)
Richard Stafford (d. 1380). He married Isabel de Vernon, daughter and heir of Sir Richard de Vernon and Maud de Camville.[4] Richard fought in the French wars of Edward III and was also appointed seneschal of Gascony. He was summoned to Parliament by King Edward III and regularly participated through to 1379. He was appointed 1st Baron Stafford of Clifton, created by writ of summons on 8 January 1371.
They are listed as having additional children, although evidence is lacking.[citation needed]

Margaret Stafford
William Stafford
Humphrey Stafford
James Stafford
Catherine Stafford
Elizabeth Stafford
Edmund died 12 August 1308 in Stafford and was buried at the Church of the Friars Minors, Stafford.

Peerage of England
New creation Baron Stafford
1st creation
1299–1308 Succeeded by
Ralph Stafford
References
A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland and Scotland, extinct, dormant and in abeyance by John Burke. Publisher Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831. p. 491. From Google books, checked 24 January 2010.
A survey of Staffordshire, containing the antiquities of that county; by Sampson Erdeswicke and Thomasharwood, published JB Nichols and Son, 1820.
Cawley, Charles, England, Earls 1207-97, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy,[self-published source][better source needed]
Douglas Richardson, Magna Carta Ancestry, 2nd Edition, Vol. I, p. 18. 		STAFFORD, Edmund 1st Baron Stafford (I19723)
 
1388 Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and 1st Baron Audley, KG, KB (2 March 1377 – 21 July 1403) was the son of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, and his wife Philippa de Beauchamp.

He inherited the earldom at the age of 18, the third of three out of four brothers to inherit the title. His eldest brother, Sir Ralph, died before inheriting the title and his other two elder brothers died without issue.

Marriage and children
He married Anne of Gloucester as her second husband under special licence,[1] as she was the widow of his brother Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford who had died prior to the consummation of his marriage at the age of 18. Edmund and his brothers were ward of the Gloucester family.[2] Anne was the granddaughter of King Edward III by his son Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester and Eleanor de Bohun.

With Anne he had three children:

Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham who married Anne Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Lady Joan Beaufort. Joan was a daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Roet. Had issue.
Anne Stafford, Countess of March, (d. 20 September 1432), who married firstly Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March. Edmund and Anne had no children. She married, secondly, John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (d.1447), and had one son and a daughter: Henry, Duke of Exeter (1430 – 1475), and Lady Anne Holland (d. 26 December 1486).
Philippa Stafford, died young.
Later life and death
He was made a Knight of the Bath, along with his younger brother Hugh, at the coronation of Henry IV and a Knight of the Garter in 1403.[1]

He was killed by the Scotsman, Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, while fighting with the royalist forces of King Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury on 21 July 1403. He was buried at the Church of the Austin Friars in Stafford.

Shakespeare
The death of the earl at the battle of Shrewsbury is mentioned in Henry IV Part 1 but otherwise he is not in the play. "And thou shalt find a king that will revenge Lord Stafford’s death". Henry IV Part 1 Act 5 Scene 3 by William Shakespeare.

References
A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland and Scotland, extinct, dormant and in abeyance by John Burke. Publisher Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831. p491. From Google books, accessed 24 January 2010.
The historic peerage of England: exhibiting, under alphabetical arrangement, the origin, descent, and present state of every title of peerage which has existed in this country since the Conquest; being a new edition of the "Synopsis of the Peerage of England" by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas and William Courthope, published 1857. Google Books, accessed 24 January 2010.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Stafford,_5th_Earl_of_Stafford

Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford and 6th Baron Audley, KB, KG (2 March 1378 – 21 July 1403) was the son of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford and Philippa de Beauchamp.

He inherited the Earldom at the age of 17, the third of three out of four brothers to inherit the title. His eldest brother, Sir Ralph, died before inheriting the title and his two elder brothers died without issue.

Contents [hide]
1 Marriage and children
2 Later life and death
3 Shakespeare
4 Ancestors
5 References
Marriage and children[edit]
He married Anne of Gloucester as her second husband under special licence,[1] as she was the widow of his brother Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford who had died prior to the consummation of his marriage at the age of 18. Edmund and his brothers were ward of the Gloucester family.[2] Anne was the granddaughter of King Edward III by his son Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester and Eleanor de Bohun.

Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham who married Anne Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland and Lady Joan Beaufort. Joan was a daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Roet. Had issue.
Anne Stafford, Countess of March, (d. 20 September 1432), who married firstly Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March. Edmund and Anne had no children. She married, secondly, John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (d.1447) and had one son and a daughter: Henry, Duke of Exeter (1430 – 1475) and Lady Anne Holland (d. 26 December 1486).
Philippa Stafford, died young.
Later life and death[edit]
He was made a Knight of the Bath, along with his younger brother Hugh, at the coronation of Henry IV and a Knight of the Garter in 1403.[1]

He was killed by the Scotsman, Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas while fighting with the royalist forces of King Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury on 22 July 1403. He was buried at the Church of the Austin Friars in Stafford.

Shakespeare[edit]
The Death of the Earl at the battle of Shrewsbury is mentioned in Henry IV Part 1 but otherwise he is not in the play. "And thou shalt find a king that will revenge Lord Stafford’s death". Henry IV Part 1 Act 5 Scene 3 by William Shakespeare.

Ancestors[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b A general and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland and Scotland, extinct, dormant and in abeyance by John Burke. Publisher Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1831. p491. From Google books, accessed 24 January 2010.
Jump up ^ The historic peerage of England: exhibiting, under alphabetical arrangement, the origin, descent, and present state of every title of peerage which has existed in this country since the Conquest; being a new edition of the "Synopsis of the Peerage of England" by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas and William Courthope, published 1857. Google Books, accessed 24 January 2010. 		STAFFORD, Edmund 5th Earl of Stafford, 6th Baron Audley (I14899)
 
1389 At least one living or private individual is linked to this note - Details withheld. Living (I8412)
 
1390 Educated at Oriel College, Oxford. CARTER, Harry Wyndham (I9539)
 
1391 Edward died as a child. RALPH, Edward (I5160)
 
1392 Edward died of smallpox. RUCK, Edward (I6667)
 
1393 Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots (Latin: Malleus Scotorum), was King of England from 1272 to 1307. He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs.

The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English barons. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward joined the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster on 19 August.

After suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, Edward subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. Next, his efforts were directed towards Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war that followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. At the same time there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation, and Edward met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. These crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son, Edward II, an ongoing war with Scotland and many financial and political problems.

Edward I was a tall man for his era, hence the nickname "Longshanks". He was temperamental, and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man, and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries. Nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided on their assessment of Edward I: while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, others have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing Parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it was over 350 years until it was formally overturned under Oliver Cromwell in 1656.

Contents [hide]
1 Early years, 1239–63
1.1 Childhood and marriage
1.2 Early ambitions
2 Civil war and crusades, 1264–73
2.1 Second Barons' War
2.2 Crusade and accession
3 Early reign, 1274–96
3.1 Welsh wars
3.1.1 Conquest
3.1.2 Colonisation
3.2 Diplomacy and war on the Continent
3.3 The Great Cause
4 Government and law
4.1 Character as king
4.2 Administration and the law
4.3 Finances, Parliament and the expulsion of Jews
5 Later reign, 1297–1307
5.1 Constitutional crisis
5.2 Return to Scotland
6 Death and legacy
6.1 Death, 1307
6.2 Historiography
7 Family and children
7.1 First marriage
7.1.1 Sons from first marriage
7.1.2 Daughters from first marriage
7.2 Second marriage
7.2.1 Sons from second marriage
7.2.2 Daughter from second marriage
8 Ancestry
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Early years, 1239–63[edit]
Childhood and marriage[edit]
Inside an initial letter are drawn two heads with necks, a male over a female. They are both wearing coronets. The man's left eye is drawn different both from his right and those of the woman.
Early fourteenth-century manuscript initial showing Edward and his wife Eleanor. The artist has perhaps tried to depict Edward's blepharoptosis, a trait he inherited from his father.[2]
Edward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence.[3][a] Edward is an Anglo-Saxon name, and was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman Conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor, and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint.[4][b] Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall.[6] Henry of Almain would remain a close companion of the prince, both through the civil war that followed, and later during the crusade.[7] Edward was in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246.[8]

There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251.[6] Nonetheless, he became an imposing man; at 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) he towered over most of his contemporaries, and hence perhaps his epithet "Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins". The historian Michael Prestwich states that his "long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman. In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white. [His features were marred by a drooping left eyelid.] His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive."[9]

In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony induced Edward's father to arrange a politically expedient marriage between his fourteen-year-old son and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.[10] Eleanor and Edward were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile.[11] As part of the marriage agreement, the young prince received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year.[12] Although the endowments King Henry made were sizeable, they offered Edward little independence. He had already received Gascony as early as 1249, but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, had been appointed as royal lieutenant the year before and, consequently, drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province.[13] The grant he received in 1254 included most of Ireland, and much land in Wales and England, including the earldom of Chester, but the King retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, so Edward's power was limited there as well, and the King derived most of the income from those lands.[14]

From 1254 to 1257, Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the Savoyards,[15] the most notable of whom was Peter of Savoy, the queen's uncle.[16] After 1257, Edward increasingly fell in with the Poitevin or Lusignan faction – the half-brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as William de Valence.[17][c] This association was significant, because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, and they would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement.[19] There were tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward and his Lusignan kinsmen, which raised questions about the royal heir's personal qualities. The next years would be formative on Edward's character.[20]

Early ambitions[edit]
Edward had shown independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony, in the ongoing conflict between the Soler and Colomb families. This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions.[21] In May 1258, a group of magnates drew up a document for reform of the King’s government – the so-called Provisions of Oxford – largely directed against the Lusignans. Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions. The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, however, and gradually Edward's attitude started to change. In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester. Then, on 15 October 1259, he announced that he supported the barons' goals, and their leader, Simon de Montfort.[22]

The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic; Montfort was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony.[23] When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination. He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, causing his father to believe that his son was considering a coup d'état.[24] When the King returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of the Earl of Cornwall and the Archbishop of Canterbury, the two were eventually reconciled.[25] Edward was sent abroad, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled to France.[26]

Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters. The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, with only limited results.[27] Around the same time, Simon de Montfort, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement.[28] It was at this pivotal moment, as the King seemed ready to resign to the barons' demands, that Edward began to take control of the situation. Whereas he had so far been unpredictable and equivocating, from this point on he remained firmly devoted to protecting his father's royal rights.[29] He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – among them his childhood friend, Henry of Almain, and John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels.[30] Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France, an agreement was made between the two parties. This so-called Mise of Amiens was largely favourable to the royalist side, and laid the seeds for further conflict.[31]

Civil war and crusades, 1264–73[edit]
Second Barons' War[edit]
Main article: Second Barons' War
The years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by Simon de Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the King. The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester, which Edward managed to retake from the enemy. When Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the rebels, Edward negotiated a truce with the earl, the terms of which he later broke. Edward then captured Northampton from Montfort's son Simon, before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands.[32] The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of Montfort's forces. Unwisely, however, he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated.[33] By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Montfort.[34]

There are three sections. In the left, a groups of knights in armour are holding a naked body, seemingly attacking it with their swords. In the middle, a naked body lies with severed arms, legs and head nest to a uniform, arms and another prone body. The right section seemingly depicts a pile of dead bodies in armour.
Medieval manuscript showing Simon de Montfort's mutilated body at the field of Evesham
Edward remained in captivity until March, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance.[35] Then, on 28 May, he managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the King's side.[36][d]

Montfort's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with relatively little effort.[37] Meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon. Edward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the earl of Leicester.[38] The two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons' War, the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265. Montfort stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field.[39]

Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy. During the summer campaign, though, he began to learn from his mistakes, and acted in a way that gained the respect and admiration of his contemporaries.[40] The war did not end with Montfort's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports.[41] A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth.[42][e] In April it seemed as if Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement.[43][f] Edward, however, was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars; at this point his main focus was on planning his forthcoming crusade.[44]

Crusade and accession[edit]
See also: Eighth Crusade and Ninth Crusade
Troop movements by the Franks, Mamluks and Mongols between Egypt, Cyprus and the Levant in 1271, as described in the corresponding article.
Operations during the Crusade of Edward I
Edward took the crusader's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain. Among others who committed themselves to the Ninth Crusade were Edward's former adversaries – like the Earl of Gloucester, though de Clare did not ultimately participate.[45] With the country pacified, the greatest impediment to the project was providing sufficient finances.[46] King Louis IX of France, who was the leader of the crusade, provided a loan of about £17,500.[47] This, however, was not enough; the rest had to be raised through a tax on the laity, which had not been levied since 1237.[47] In May 1270, Parliament granted a tax of a twentieth,[g] in exchange for which the King agreed to reconfirm Magna Carta, and to impose restrictions on Jewish money lending.[48] On 20 August Edward sailed from Dover for France.[49] Historians have not determined the size of the force with any certainty, but Edward probably brought with him around 225 knights and altogether less than 1000 men.[46]

Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but Louis had been diverted to Tunis. The French King and his brother Charles of Anjou, who had made himself King of Sicily, decided to attack the emirate to establish a stronghold in North Africa.[50] The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, took the life of King Louis himself.[51] By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir, and there was little else to do but return to Sicily. The crusade was postponed until next spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded Charles of Anjou and Louis's successor Philip III from any further campaigning.[52] Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre.[53]

By then, the situation in the Holy Land was a precarious one. Jerusalem had fallen in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Christian state.[54] The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were now threatening Acre itself. Though Edward's men were an important addition to the garrison, they stood little chance against Baibars' superior forces, and an initial raid at nearby St Georges-de-Lebeyne in June was largely futile.[55] An embassy to the Ilkhan Abaqa[56] (1234–1282) of the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which helped to distract Baibars' forces.[57] In November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but both the Mongol invasion and the attack on Qaqun failed. Things now seemed increasingly desperate, and in May 1272 Hugh III of Cyprus, who was the nominal king of Jerusalem, signed a ten-year truce with Baibars.[58] Edward was initially defiant, but an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning. Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and became severely weakened over the following months.[59][h]

It was not until 24 September that Edward left Acre. Arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November, 1272.[61] Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards. This was partly due to his health still being poor, but also due to a lack of urgency.[62] The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king at his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary.[63][i] In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell.[64] The new king embarked on an overland journey through Italy and France, where among other things he visited Pope Gregory X[j] in Rome, King Philip III in Paris, and suppressed a rebellion in Gascony.[65] Only on 2 August 1274 did he return to England, and was crowned on 19 August.[66]

Early reign, 1274–96[edit]
Welsh wars[edit]
Conquest[edit]
See also: Conquest of Wales by Edward I

Wales after the Treaty of Montgomery 1267
Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality
Territories conquered by Llywelyn
Territories of Llywelyn's vassals
Lordships of the Marcher barons
Lordships of the King of England
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons' War. Through the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, he officially obtained land he had conquered in the Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad and was recognised in his title of Prince of Wales.[67][68] Armed conflicts nevertheless continued, in particular with certain dissatisfied Marcher Lords, such as Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford.[69] Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys, after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn, defected to the English in 1274.[70] Citing ongoing hostilities and the English king's harbouring of his enemies, Llywelyn refused to do homage to Edward.[71] For Edward, a further provocation came from Llywelyn's planned marriage to Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort.[72]

In November 1276, war was declared.[73] Initial operations were launched under the captaincy of Mortimer, Lancaster (Edward's brother Edmund) and William de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick.[73][k] Support for Llywelyn was weak among his own countrymen.[74] In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500, of whom 9,000 were Welshmen.[75] The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender.[75] By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales.[76]

When war broke out again in 1282, it was an entirely different undertaking. For the Welsh, this war was over national identity, enjoying wide support, provoked particularly by attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects.[77] For Edward, it became a war of conquest rather than simply a punitive expedition, like the former campaign.[78] The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277.[79] Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success. In June, Gloucester was defeated at the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr.[80] On 6 November, while John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, was conducting peace negotiations, Edward's commander of Anglesey, Luke de Tany, decided to carry out a surprise attack. A pontoon bridge had been built to the mainland, but shortly after Tany and his men crossed over, they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Moel-y-don.[81] The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, however, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge.[82] The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor the following autumn.[83]

Further rebellions occurred in 1287–88 and, more seriously, in 1294, under the leadership of Madog ap Llywelyn, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.[84] This last conflict demanded the King's own attention, but in both cases the rebellions were put down.

Colonisation[edit]
See also: Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
By the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan, the Principality of Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs.[85] English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes.[86] After 1277, and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a full-scale project of English settlement of Wales, creating new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan.[87] Their new residents were English migrants, with the local Welsh banned from living inside them, and many were protected by extensive walls.[88]

An extensive project of castle-building was also initiated, under the direction of Master James of Saint George, a prestigious architect whom Edward had met in Savoy on his return from the crusade.[89] These included the castles of Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech, intended to act both as fortresses and royal palaces for the King.[90] His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern influences.[91] Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design.[92] The castles made a clear, imperial statement about Edward's intentions to rule North Wales permanently, and drew on imagery associated with the Byzantine Roman Empire and King Arthur in an attempt to build legitimacy for his new regime.[93]

In 1284, King Edward had his son Edward (later Edward II) born at Caernarfon Castle, probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales.[94] David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this account.[95] In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales, when King Edward granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales.[96] The King seems to have hoped that this would help in the pacification of the region, and that it would give his son more financial independence.[96][l]


Examples of Edward's building programme, including the exterior...


...and interior of Caernarfon Castle, incorporating Roman and Arthurian design;


the use of concentric design at Beaumaris ...


...and Harlech Castle;


and the extensive defences of the newly planned towns, such as Conwy.
Diplomacy and war on the Continent[edit]
Further information: Rabban Bar Sauma, Franco-Mongol alliance, and Europeans in Medieval China § Diplomatic missions to Europe
A miniature of Edward giving homage to Philip IV
Edward I (right) giving homage to Philip IV (left). As Duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal of the French king.
Edward never again went on crusade after his return to England in 1274, but he maintained an intention to do so, and took the cross again in 1287.[98] This intention guided much of his foreign policy, until at least 1291. To stage a European-wide crusade, it was essential to prevent conflict between the greater princes on the continent. A major obstacle to this was represented by the conflict between the French House of Anjou ruling southern Italy, and the kingdom of Aragon in Spain. In 1282, the citizens of Palermo rose up against Charles of Anjou and turned for help to Peter of Aragon, in what has become known as the Sicilian Vespers. In the war that followed, Charles of Anjou's son, Charles of Salerno, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese.[99] The French began planning an attack on Aragon, raising the prospect of a large-scale European war. To Edward, it was imperative that such a war be avoided, and in Paris in 1286 he brokered a truce between France and Aragon that helped secure Charles' release.[100] As far as the crusades were concerned, however, Edward's efforts proved ineffective. A devastating blow to his plans came in 1291, when the Mamluks captured Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land.[101]

After the fall of Acre, Edward's international role changed from that of a diplomat to an antagonist. He had long been deeply involved in the affairs of his own Duchy of Gascony. In 1278 he assigned an investigating commission to his trusted associates Otto de Grandson and the chancellor Robert Burnell, which caused the replacement of the seneschal Luke de Tany.[102] In 1286, Edward visited the region himself and stayed for almost three years.[103] The perennial problem, however, was the status of Gascony within the kingdom of France, and Edward's role as the French king's vassal. On his diplomatic mission in 1286, Edward had paid homage to the new king, Philip IV, but in 1294 Philip declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him in Paris to discuss the recent conflict between English, Gascon, and French sailors (that had resulted in several French ships being captured, along with the sacking of the French port of La Rochelle).[104]

Eleanor of Castile had died on 28 November 1290. Uncommon for such marriages of the period, the couple loved each other. Moreover, like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their married lives — a rarity among monarchs of the time. He was deeply affected by her death. He displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night.[105] As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV's half-sister Margaret, but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war.[106]

Edward made alliances with the German king, the Counts of Flanders and Guelders, and the Burgundians, who would attack France from the north.[107] The alliances proved volatile, however, and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time, both in Wales and Scotland. It was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders, at which time his allies there had already suffered defeat.[108] The support from Germany never materialised, and Edward was forced to seek peace. His marriage to Margaret in 1299 ended the war, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English.[109][m]

The Great Cause[edit]
See also: Competitors for the Crown of Scotland

King Edward's Chair, in Westminster Abbey; originally, the Stone of Destiny would have fitted into the gap beneath the seat
The relationship between the nations of England and Scotland by the 1280s was one of relatively harmonious coexistence.[110] The issue of homage did not reach the same level of controversy as it did in Wales; in 1278 King Alexander III of Scotland paid homage to Edward I, but apparently only for the lands he held of Edward in England.[111] Problems arose only with the Scottish succession crisis of the early 1290s. In the years from 1281 to 1284, Alexander's two sons and one daughter died in quick succession. Then, in 1286, King Alexander died himself, leaving as heir to the throne of Scotland his three-year-old granddaughter, Margaret.[112] By the Treaty of Birgham, it was agreed that Margaret should marry King Edward's then six-year-old son Edward of Carnarvon, though Scotland would remain free of English overlordship.[113][114]

Margaret, by now seven years of age, sailed from Norway for Scotland in the autumn of 1290, but fell ill on the way and died in Orkney.[115][116] This left the country without an obvious heir, and led to the succession dispute known to history as the Great Cause.[117][n]

Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title, the real contest was between John Balliol and Robert de Brus.[118] The Scottish magnates made a request to Edward to conduct the proceedings and administer the outcome, but not to arbitrate in the dispute. The actual decision would be made by 104 auditors - 40 appointed by Balliol, 40 by Bruce and the remaining 24 selected by Edward I from senior members of the Scottish political community.[119] At Birgham, with the prospect of a personal union between the two realms, the question of suzerainty had not been of great importance to Edward. Now he insisted that, if he were to settle the contest, he had to be fully recognised as Scotland's feudal overlord.[120] The Scots were reluctant to make such a concession, and replied that since the country had no king, no one had the authority to make this decision.[121] This problem was circumvented when the competitors agreed that the realm would be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir had been found.[122] After a lengthy hearing, a decision was made in favour of John Balliol on 17 November 1292.[123][o]

Even after Balliol's accession, Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland. Against the objections of the Scots, he agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum.[124] A further provocation came in a case brought by Macduff, son of Malcolm, Earl of Fife, in which Edward demanded that Balliol appear in person before the English Parliament to answer the charges.[125] This the Scottish King did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in the war against France.[126] This was unacceptable; the Scots instead formed an alliance with France and launched an unsuccessful attack on Carlisle.[127] Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick in a particularly bloody attack.[128] At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed.[129] Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone – and brought it to Westminster placing it in what became known as King Edward's Chair; he deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country.[130] The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would only be temporary.[131]

Government and law[edit]
Character as king[edit]

Round table, made by Edward, now hung in Winchester Castle. It bears the names of various knights of King Arthur's court
Edward had a reputation for a fierce temper, and he could be intimidating; one story tells of how the Dean of St Paul's, wishing to confront Edward over the high level of taxation in 1295, fell down and died once he was in the King's presence.[9] When Edward of Caernarfon demanded an earldom for his favourite Gaveston, the King erupted in anger and supposedly tore out handfuls of his son's hair.[132] Some of his contemporaries considered Edward frightening, particularly in his early days. The Song of Lewes in 1264 described him as a leopard, an animal regarded as particularly powerful and unpredictable.[133]

Despite these frightening character traits, however, Edward's contemporaries considered him an able, even an ideal, king.[134] Though not loved by his subjects, he was feared and respected.[135] He met contemporary expectations of kingship in his role as an able, determined soldier and in his embodiment of shared chivalric ideals.[136] In religious observance he also fulfilled the expectations of his age: he attended chapel regularly and gave alms generously.[137]

Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign.[138] In 1278 he visited Glastonbury Abbey to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, recovering "Arthur's crown" from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales, while, as noted above, his new castles drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location.[139] He held "Round Table" events in 1284 and 1302, involving tournaments and feasting, and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur.[140] In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests, including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour.[141]

Administration and the law[edit]

Groat of Edward I (4 pence)
Soon after assuming the throne, Edward set about restoring order and re-establishing royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father.[142] To accomplish this, he immediately ordered an extensive change of administrative personnel. The most important of these was the appointment of Robert Burnell as chancellor, a man who would remain in the post until 1292 as one of the King's closest associates.[143] Edward then replaced most local officials, such as the escheators and sheriffs.[144] This last measure was done in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England, that would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers. The inquest produced the set of so-called Hundred Rolls, from the administrative subdivision of the hundred.[p]

The second purpose of the inquest was to establish what land and rights the crown had lost during the reign of Henry III.[145]

The Hundred Rolls formed the basis for the later legal inquiries called the Quo warranto proceedings. The purpose of these inquiries was to establish by what warrant (Latin: Quo warranto) various liberties were held.[146][q] If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty, then it was the crown's opinion – based on the writings of the influential thirteenth-century legal scholar Bracton – that the liberty should revert to the king.

Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285 codified the existing law in England.

By enacting the Statute of Gloucester in 1278 the King challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general eyres (royal justices to go on tour throughout the land) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto to be heard by such eyres.


Long cross penny with portrait of Edward

Silver penny of Edward I York Museums Trust
This caused great consternation among the aristocracy, who insisted that long use in itself constituted licence.[147] A compromise was eventually reached in 1290, whereby a liberty was considered legitimate as long as it could be shown to have been exercised since the coronation of Richard the Lionheart in 1189.[148] Royal gains from the Quo warranto proceedings were insignificant; few liberties were returned to the King.[149] Edward had nevertheless won a significant victory, in clearly establishing the principle that all liberties essentially emanated from the crown.[150]

The 1290 statute of Quo warranto was only one part of a wider legislative effort, which was one of the most important contributions of Edward I's reign.[151] This era of legislative action had started already at the time of the baronial reform movement; the Statute of Marlborough (1267) contained elements both of the Provisions of Oxford and the Dictum of Kenilworth.[152] The compilation of the Hundred Rolls was followed shortly after by the issue of Westminster I (1275), which asserted the royal prerogative and outlined restrictions on liberties.[153] In the Mortmain (1279), the issue was grants of land to the church.[154] The first clause of Westminster II (1285), known as De donis conditionalibus, dealt with family settlement of land, and entails.[155] Merchants (1285) established firm rules for the recovery of debts,[156] while Winchester (1285) dealt with peacekeeping on a local level.[157] Quia emptores (1290) – issued along with Quo warranto – set out to remedy land ownership disputes resulting from alienation of land by subinfeudation.[158] The age of the great statutes largely ended with the death of Robert Burnell in 1292.[159]

Finances, Parliament and the expulsion of Jews[edit]
Below a piece of text is seen a king on a throne on a podium. On either side is seen a king and a bishop in front of the podium and clerks behind it. In front of this sit a number of lay and ecclesiastical lords, and more clerks, in a square on a chequered floor.
16th-century illustration of Edward I presiding over Parliament. The scene shows Alexander III of Scotland and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Wales on either side of Edward; an episode that never actually occurred.[160]
Edward I's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation.[161] There were several ways through which the king could raise money for war, including customs duties, money lending and lay subsidies. In 1275, Edward I negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community that secured a permanent duty on wool. In 1303, a similar agreement was reached with foreign merchants, in return for certain rights and privileges.[162] The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the Riccardi, a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy.[163] This was in return for their service as money lenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars. When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt.[164] After this, the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown.[165]

Another source of crown income was represented by England's Jews. The Jews were the king's personal property, and he was free to tax them at will.[166] By 1280, the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown, but they could still be used in political bargaining.[167] Their usury business – a practice forbidden to Christians – had made many people indebted to them and caused general popular resentment.[168] In 1275, Edward had issued the Statute of the Jewry, which outlawed usury and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions;[169] in 1279, in the context of a crack-down on coin-clippers, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households in England and had around 300 of them executed.[170] In 1280, he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons, preached by Dominican friars, with the hope of persuading them to convert, but these exhortations were not followed.[171] The final attack on the Jews in England came in the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, whereby Edward formally expelled all Jews from England.[172] This not only generated revenues through royal appropriation of Jewish loans and property, but it also gave Edward the political capital to negotiate a substantial lay subsidy in the 1290 Parliament.[173] The expulsion, which was reversed in 1656,[174] followed a precedent set by other European territorial princes: Philip II of France had expelled all Jews from his own lands in 1182; John I, Duke of Brittany, drove them out of his duchy in 1239; and in the late 1240s Louis IX of France had expelled the Jews from the royal demesne before his first passage to the East.[171]

Edward held Parliament on a reasonably regular basis throughout his reign.[175] In 1295, however, a significant change occurred. For this Parliament, in addition to the secular and ecclesiastical lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned.[176] The representation of commons in Parliament was nothing new; what was new was the authority under which these representatives were summoned. Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates, it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority (plena potestas) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament.[177] The King now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population. Lay subsidies were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen.[178] Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign, Edward I collected nine.[179] This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments, and historians have named the assembly the "Model Parliament".[180][r]

Later reign, 1297–1307[edit]
Constitutional crisis[edit]
The incessant warfare of the 1290s put a great financial demand on Edward's subjects. Whereas the King had only levied three lay subsidies until 1294, four such taxes were granted in the years 1294–97, raising over £200,000.[181] Along with this came the burden of prises (appropriation of food), seizure of wool and hides, and the unpopular additional duty on wool, dubbed the maltolt.[182] The fiscal demands on the King's subjects caused resentment, and this resentment eventually led to serious political opposition. The initial resistance was not caused by the lay taxes, however, but by clerical subsidies. In 1294, Edward made a demand of a grant of one half of all clerical revenues. There was some resistance, but the King responded by threatening with outlawry, and the grant was eventually made.[183] At the time, the archbishopric of Canterbury was vacant, since Robert Winchelsey was in Italy to receive consecration.[184][s] Winchelsey returned in January 1295 and had to consent to another grant in November of that year. In 1296, however, his position changed when he received the papal bull Clericis laicos. This bull prohibited the clergy from paying taxes to lay authorities without explicit consent from the Pope.[185] When the clergy, with reference to the bull, refused to pay, Edward responded with outlawry.[186] Winchelsey was presented with a dilemma between loyalty to the King and upholding the papal bull, and he responded by leaving it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit.[187] By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency.[188]

Edward
By God, Sir Earl, either go or hang
Roger Bigod
By that same oath, O king, I shall neither go nor hang

Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough[189]
Opposition from the laity took longer to surface. This resistance focused on two things: the King's right to demand military service, and his right to levy taxes. At the Salisbury parliament of February 1297, Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, in his capacity as Marshal of England, objected to a royal summons of military service. Bigod argued that the military obligation only extended to service alongside the King; if the King intended to sail to Flanders, he could not send his subjects to Gascony.[190] In July, Bigod and Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, drew up a series of complaints known as the Remonstrances, in which objections to the extortionate level of taxation were voiced.[191] Undeterred, Edward requested another lay subsidy. This one was particularly provocative, because the King had sought consent only from a small group of magnates, rather than from representatives from the communities in parliament.[192] While Edward was in Winchelsea, preparing for the campaign in Flanders, Bigod and Bohun turned up at the Exchequer to prevent the collection of the tax.[193] As the King left the country with a greatly reduced force, the kingdom seemed to be on the verge of civil war.[194][195] What resolved the situation was the English defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The renewed threat to the homeland gave king and magnates common cause.[196] Edward signed the Confirmatio cartarum – a confirmation of Magna Carta and its accompanying Charter of the Forest – and the nobility agreed to serve with the King on a campaign in Scotland.[197]

On the left is a fireplace with various heraldic arms painted on it, on the right is a four-post bed, and in the front is a set table on trestles. The floor is wooden and the walls are covered with painted patterns and drapes.
Reconstruction of Edward I's private chambers at the Tower of London with the pattern stones and roses on the wall
Medieval painting
Early 14th-century depiction of Edward I (left) declaring his son Edward (right) the Prince of Wales
Edward's problems with the opposition did not end with the Falkirk campaign. Over the following years he would be held up to the promises he had made, in particular that of upholding the Charter of the Forest.[t] In the parliament of 1301, the King was forced to order an assessment of the royal forests, but in 1305 he obtained a papal bull that freed him from this concession.[198] Ultimately, it was a failure in personnel that spelt the end of the opposition against Edward I. Bohun died late in 1298, after returning from the Falkirk campaign.[199] As for Bigod, in 1302 he arrived at an agreement with the King that was beneficial for both: Bigod, who had no children, made Edward his heir, in return for a generous annual grant.[200] Edward finally got his revenge on Winchelsey in 1305, when Clement V was elected pope. Clement was a Gascon sympathetic to the King, and on Edward's instigation had Winchelsey suspended from office.[201]

Return to Scotland[edit]
See also: First Scottish War of Independence
The situation in Scotland had seemed resolved when Edward left the country in 1296, but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of William Wallace. On 11 September 1297, a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Andrew Moray at Stirling Bridge.[202] The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north.[203] On 22 July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the Battle of Falkirk.[204] Edward, however, was not able to take advantage of the momentum, and the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle.[205] Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups.[206]

The defeated Scots appealed to Pope Boniface VIII to assert a claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English. His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward's behalf by the Barons' Letter of 1301. The English managed to subdue the country by other means, however. In 1303, a peace agreement was reached between England and France, effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance.[207] Robert the Bruce, the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291, had sided with the English in the winter of 1301–02.[208] By 1304, most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward, and this year the English also managed to re-take Stirling Castle.[209] A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir John de Menteith and turned over to the English, who had him taken to London where he was publicly executed.[210] With Scotland largely under English control, Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country.[211]

The situation changed again on 10 February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn and a few weeks later, on 25 March, had himself crowned King of Scotland by Isobel, sister of the Earl of Buchan.[212] Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this campaign took the English by surprise.[213] Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to Aymer de Valence and Henry Percy, while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales.[214] The English initially met with success; on 19 June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the Battle of Methven.[215] Bruce was forced into hiding, while the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles.[216]

Edward responded with severe brutality against Bruce's allies and supporters. Bruce's sister, Mary, was hung in a cage outside of Roxburgh for four years. Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, who had crowned Bruce, was hung in a cage outside of Berwick Castle for four years. Bruce's younger brother Neil was executed by being hanged, drawn, and quartered; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward's forces who had been seeking Bruce's wife (Elizabeth), daughter Marjorie, sisters Mary and Christina, and Isabella.[217][218]

It was clear that Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations, but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects.[219] This brutality, though, rather than helping to subdue the Scots, had the opposite effect, and rallied growing support for Bruce.[220]

Death and legacy[edit]
Death, 1307[edit]
An open tomb seen from the side in a 45-degree angle from the ground. The corps, with his head to the left, is dressed in fine funeral attire, wears a coronet and holds a sceptre in each hand.
Tomb of Edward I, from an illustration made when the tomb was opened in 1774

The 19th century memorial to Edward I at Burgh Marsh. This structure replaced an earlier one and is said to mark the exact spot where he died.
In February 1307, Bruce reappeared and started gathering men, and in May he defeated Aymer de Valence at the Battle of Loudoun Hill.[221] Edward, who had rallied somewhat, now moved north himself. On the way, however, he developed dysentery, and his condition deteriorated. On 6 July he encamped at Burgh by Sands, just south of the Scottish border. When his servants came the next morning to lift him up so that he could eat, he died in their arms.[222]

Various stories emerged about Edward’s deathbed wishes; according to one tradition, he requested that his heart be carried to the Holy Land, along with an army to fight the infidels. A more dubious story tells of how he wished for his bones to be carried along on future expeditions against the Scots. Another account of his deathbed scene is more credible; according to one chronicle, Edward gathered around him the Earls of Lincoln and Warwick, Aymer de Valence, and Robert Clifford, and charged them with looking after his son Edward. In particular they should make sure that Piers Gaveston was not allowed to return to the country.[223] This wish, however, the son ignored, and had his favourite recalled from exile almost immediately.[224] The new king, Edward II, remained in the north until August, but then abandoned the campaign and headed south.[225] He was crowned king on 25 February 1308.[226]

Edward I's body was brought south, lying in state at Waltham Abbey, before being buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October.[227] There are few records of the funeral, which cost £473.[227] Edward's tomb was an unusually plain sarcophagus of Purbeck marble, without the customary royal effigy, possibly the result of the shortage of royal funds after the King's death.[228] The sarcophagus may normally have been covered over with rich cloth, and originally might have been surrounded by carved busts and a devotional religious image, all since lost.[229] The Society of Antiquaries opened the tomb in 1774, finding that the body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years, and took the opportunity to determine the King's original height.[230][u] Traces of the Latin inscription Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva ("Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots, 1308. Keep the Vow"), which can still be seen painted on the side of the tomb, referring to his vow to avenge the rebellion of Robert Bruce.[231] This resulted in Edward being given the epithet the "Hammer of the Scots" by historians, but is not contemporary in origin, having been added by the Abbot John Feckenham in the 16th century.[232]

Historiography[edit]
An old man in half-figure on a chair, with his right arm over the back, facing the viewer. His hair and large muttonchops are white, his attire is black and simple.
Bishop William Stubbs, in his Constitutional History (1873–78), emphasised Edward I's contribution to the English constitution.
The first histories of Edward in the 16th and 17th centuries drew primarily on the works of the chroniclers, and made little use of the official records of the period.[233] They limited themselves to general comments on Edward's significance as a monarch, and echoed the chroniclers' praise for his accomplishments.[234] During the 17th century, the lawyer Edward Coke wrote extensively about Edward's legislation, terming the King the "English Justinian", after the renowned Byzantine lawmaker, Justinian I.[235] Later in the century, historians used the available record evidence to address the role of parliament and kingship under Edward, drawing comparisons between his reign and the political strife of their own century.[236] 18th-century historians established a picture of Edward as an able, if ruthless, monarch, conditioned by the circumstances of his own time.[237]

The influential Victorian historian William Stubbs instead suggested that Edward had actively shaped national history, forming English laws and institutions, and helping England to develop parliamentary and constitutional government.[238] His strengths and weaknesses as a ruler were considered to be emblematic of the English people as a whole.[239] Stubbs' student, Thomas Tout, initially adopted the same perspective, but after extensive research into Edward's royal household, and backed by the research of his contemporaries into the early parliaments of the period, he changed his mind.[240] Tout came to view Edward as a self-interested, conservative leader, using the parliamentary system as "the shrewd device of an autocrat, anxious to use the mass of the people as a check upon his hereditary foes among the greater baronage."[241]

Historians in the 20th and 21st century have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign.[242] Most have concluded this was a highly significant period in English medieval history, some going further and describing Edward as one of the great medieval kings, although most also agree that his final years were less successful than his early decades in power.[243][v] Three major academic narratives of Edward have been produced during this period.[248] Frederick Powicke's volumes, published in 1947 and 1953, forming the standard works on Edward for several decades, and were largely positive in praising the achievements of his reign, and in particular his focus on justice and the law.[249] In 1988, Michael Prestwich produced an authoritative biography of the King, focusing on his political career, still portraying him in sympathetic terms, but highlighting some of the consequences of his failed policies.[250] Marc Morris's biography followed in 2008, drawing out more of the detail of Edward's personality, and generally taking a harsher view of the King's weaknesses and less pleasant characteristics.[251] Considerable academic debate has taken place around the character of Edward's kingship, his political skills, and in particular his management of his earls, and the degree to which this was collaborative or repressive in nature.[252]

There is also a great difference between English and Scottish historiography on King Edward. G. W. S. Barrow, in his biography on Robert the Bruce, accused Edward of ruthlessly exploiting the leaderless state of Scotland to obtain a feudal superiority over the kingdom.[253] This view of Edward is reflected in the popular perception of the King, as can be seen in the 1995 movie Braveheart's portrayal of the King as a hard-hearted tyrant.[254]

Family and children[edit]
Carving of Edward
Edward
Carving of Eleanor
Eleanor of Castile
Edward married twice:

First marriage[edit]
By his first wife Eleanor of Castile, Edward had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one son outlived his father, namely King Edward II (1307–1327). He was reportedly concerned with his son's failure to live up to the expectations of an heir to the crown, and at one point decided to exile the prince's favourite Piers Gaveston.[255] His children by Eleanor of Castile were as follows:

Sons from first marriage[edit]
John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), predeceased his father and died at Wallingford while in the custody of his granduncle Richard, Earl of Cornwall, buried at Westminster Abbey.
Henry (6 May 1268 – 14 October 1274), predeceased his father, buried in Westminster Abbey.
Alphonso, Earl of Chester (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), predeceased his father, buried in Westminster Abbey.
Son (1280/81 – 1280/81), predeceased his father; little evidence exists for this child.
King Edward II (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), eldest surviving son and heir, succeeded his father as king of England. In 1308 he married Isabella of France, with whom he had four children.
Daughters from first marriage[edit]
Daughter (May 1255 – 29 May 1255), stillborn or died shortly after birth.
Katherine (before 17 June 1264 – 5 September 1264), buried at Westminster Abbey.
Joanna (Summer or January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey.
Eleanor (c. 18 June 1269 – 19 August 1298), in 1293 she married Henry III, Count of Bar, by whom she had two children, buried in Westminster Abbey.
Juliana (after May 1271 – 5 September 1271), born and died while Edward and Eleanor were in Acre.
Joan of Acre (1272 – 23 April 1307), married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer. She had four children by Clare, and three or four by Monthermer.
Margaret (c.15 March 1275 – after 11 March 1333), married John II of Brabant in 1290, with whom she had one son.
Berengaria (May 1276 – between 7 June 1277 and 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey.
Daughter (December 1277 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey.
Mary of Woodstock (11/12 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury, Wiltshire, where she was probably buried.
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (c. 7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316), married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford. The first marriage was childless; by Bohun Elizabeth had ten children.
Second marriage[edit]
By Margaret of France Edward had two sons, both of whom lived into adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child.[256] The Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that John Botetourt may have been Edward's illegitimate son; however, the claim is unsubstantiated.[257] His progeny by Margaret of France was as follows:

Sons from second marriage[edit]
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1 June 1300 – 4 August 1338), buried in Bury St Edmunds Abbey. Married (1) Alice Hales, with issue; (2) Mary Brewes, no issue.[258]
Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (1 August 1301 – 19 March 1330), married Margaret Wake with issue.[259]
Daughter from second marriage[edit]
Eleanor (6 May 1306 – 1310)[260]
Ancestry[edit]
[show]Ancestors of Edward I of England
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ As the sources give the time simply as the night between the 17 and 18 June, we can not know the exact date of Edward's birth.[3]
Jump up ^ Regnal numbers were not commonly used in Edward's time; as the first post-Conquest king to carry that name,[5] he was referred to simply as "King Edward" or "King Edward, son of King Henry". It was only after the succession of first his son and then his grandson—both of whom bore the same name—that "Edward I" came into common usage.[4]
Jump up ^ Henry III's mother Isabella of Angoulême married Hugh X of Lusignan after the death of King John.[18]
Jump up ^ This was Gilbert de Clare, son of the aforementioned Richard de Clare.[36]
Jump up ^ The Dictum restored land to the disinherited rebels, in exchange for a fine decided by their level of involvement in the wars.[42]
Jump up ^ The essential concession was that the disinherited would now be allowed to take possession of their lands before paying the fines.[43]
Jump up ^ This meant a grant of 1/20 of all movable property.
Jump up ^ The anecdote of Queen Eleanor saving Edward's life by sucking the poison out of his wound is almost certainly a later fabrication.[60] Other accounts of the scene have Eleanor being led away weeping by John de Vescy, and suggest that it was another of Edward's close friends, Otto de Grandson, who attempted to sucking the poison from the wound.[59]
Jump up ^ Though no written proof exists, it is assumed that this arrangement was agreed on before Edward's departure.[63]
Jump up ^ As Teobaldo Visconti, Archdeacon of Liège, Gregory X had accompanied Edward on the Ninth Crusade. En route It was 25th June 1273 that King Edward I of England visited Saint-Georges-d'Esperanche so that his great nephew Philip I, Count of Savoy might pay homage to him in fulfilment of an earlier agreement on Alpine tolls. It was here that he was first introduced to the man that would later build him castles in Wales and Scotland, James of Saint George. He had become a friend of Prince Edward when he was in England with the Papal Legate, Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, from 1265 to 1268.[citation needed]
Jump up ^ Lancaster's post was held by Payne de Chaworth until April.[73]
Jump up ^ This title became the traditional title of the heir apparent to the English throne. Prince Edward was not born heir apparent, but became so when his older brother Alphonso died in 1284.[97]
Jump up ^ Prestwich estimates the total cost to be around £400,000.[109]
Jump up ^ The term is an 18th-century invention.[117]
Jump up ^ Even though the principle of primogeniture did not necessarily apply to descent through female heirs, there is little doubt that Balliol's claim was the strongest one.[123]
Jump up ^ The few surviving documents from the Hundred Rolls show the vast scope of the project. They are dealt with extensively in: Helen Cam (1963). The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls: An Outline of Local Government in Medieval England (New ed.). London: Merlin Press..
Jump up ^ Among those singled out in particular by the royal justices was the earl of Gloucester, who was seen to have encroached ruthlessly on royal rights over the preceding years.[146]
Jump up ^ The term was first introduced by William Stubbs.[180]
Jump up ^ Winchelsey's consecration was held up by the protracted papal election of 1292–94.[184]
Jump up ^ A full text of the charter, with additional information, can be found at: Jones, Graham. "The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III". St John's College, Oxford. Retrieved 17 July 2009..
Jump up ^ The original report can be found in Ayloffe, J. (1786). "An Account of the Body of King Edward the First, as it appeared on opening his Tomb in the year 1774". Archaeologia. iii: 386, 398–412..
Jump up ^ G. Templeman argued in his 1950 historiographical essay that "it is generally recognized that Edward I deserves a high place in the history of medieval England".[244] More recently 		Edward I, King of England (I1977)
 
1394 Edward Jemmett, born Nov 19, 1861 in St. Louis, MO; died 1863. JEMMETT, Edward (I8007)
 
1395 Edward married Ann Ruck on December 25th, 1846 at the parish church of Faversham. John Gregory, Edward's brother, and Ellen Read were witnesses to the marriage. By 1851 Edward and Ann's first two children had been born: Elizabeth, who married George Duncan, and Alice, who married George Wyles. Edward was a mariner in the Gregory tradition and the family lived next door to that of his first cousin, Peter Page Gregory, in the Brents. By 1861 all the other children had been born and the family had returned to Abbey Street in Faversham.

Edward died prior to the 1871 census, we are told, from blood poisoning. Ann and her children, Charles and Ann, were living at 8 Thomas Square at the time of the 1871 census. Ann had had to resort to returning to work as a laundress to support the family.

As of 1881 Ann was living with an Isaac Harris, age 36, barge captain, of Faversham and several of his nieces and nephews at 22 Abbey Street. We have no idea why she would choose to live with these people rather than with her own children. Ann was then working as a labourer at the Gun Cotton Powder Works.

Edward's burial record states that he was 45 years old and resided at Abbey Street. Family lore indicates that Edward died of some form of blood poisoning. Family lore also records that Edward had the nickname of "Blowhard". This name apparently came into use as Edward would be the only fisherman brave or silly enough to venture out into the sea for his daily catch despite hazardous weather conditions - weather that would leave all of the other fisherman of the town standing on the banks of Faversham Creek watching and waiting for Edward to return after his daily run. The blood poisoning resulted from a cut Edward had on his great toe which became badly infected. The toe had to be surgically removed but that, sadly, didn't stop the rush of gangrene up through his leg and body. 		GREGORY, Edward (I1876)
 
1396 Edward Neville, de facto 3rd (de jure 1st) Baron Bergavenny (died 18 October 1476) was an English nobleman.[2]


Contents
1 Family
2 Career
3 Ancestry
4 References
5 External links
Family
He was the 7th son[3] of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford).

In 1436 he married Elizabeth de Beauchamp (died 18 June 1448), daughter of Richard de Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester, and the former Isabel le Despenser, who later succeeded as de jure 3rd Baroness Bergavenny. They had four children:

Richard Nevill (before 1439 – before 1476);
Sir George Nevill (c. 1440–1492), who would become 4th and 2nd Baron Bergavenny upon his father's death; through George Nevill, Edward Neville is an ancestor to Mary Ball, mother of George Washington;[4]
Alice, married Sir Thomas Grey;
Catherine (born c. 1444), married John Iwardby.
Shortly after his first wife's death, in the summer or autumn of 1448, he married Katherine Howard, daughter of Robert Howard and sister of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk. His second wife bore him three additional daughters:

Catherine Nevill (b. c. 1452/bef. 1473) married Robert Tanfield (b. 1461), son of Robert Tanfield and Elizabeth Brooke, daughter of Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham, and Elizabeth Touchet, born c. 1433, and had children.
Margaret (b.bef. 1476–1506), married John Brooke, 7th Baron Cobham; John and Margaret are the grandparents of Elizabeth Brooke, Lady Wyatt;
Anne (b.bef 1476-1480/81) did not long survive her father.
Career
Neville was knighted sometime after 1426.[5]

In 1438, Bergavenny, as he was now styled, was a justice of the peace for Durham.[5]

He was a captain in the embattled Duchy of Normandy in 1449.[5] His eldest son Richard was one of the hostages given to the French when the English surrendered the city of Rouen in that year.

After the death of his first wife, he was summoned to Parliament in 1450 as "Edwardo Nevyll de Bergavenny", by which he is held to have become Baron Bergavenny. At the time, however, this was considered to be a summons by right of his wife, and so he was considered the 3rd, rather than the 1st, Baron.

In 1454, he was appointed to the Privy Council assembled by the Duke of York as Lord Protector, along with his more prominent Neville kinsmen. He was a commissioner of array in Kent in 1461, and was a captain in Edward IV's army in the North the following year. He was again a commissioner of array in 1470, remaining loyal to Edward IV, unlike his nephew, the Earl of Warwick[5]

Ancestry
Ancestors of Edward Neville, 3rd Baron Bergavenny
References
Blazon per Debrett's Peerage, 1968, which gives no tinctures for rose, which are however given as stated in brackets for Neville Barons Braybrooke
Pugh, T.B. (2004). "Neville, Edward, first Baron Bergavenny (d. 1476), nobleman". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19929. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
7th son as implied by the difference of a rose imposed upon his paternal arms of Nevill. However Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.39 (re Marquess of Abergavenny) gives him as 6th son (and erroneously names him as Ralph)
"George Washington, 1st President of the United States is related to John Tyler, 10th President of the United States".
Doyle, James Edmund (1886). The Official Baronage of England. vol. I. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 3. 		NEVILL, Edward 1st Baron Bergavenny (I19705)
 
1397 Edward Stoughton (father of this Thomas) of Ash, is alleged to have been the great grandson of Sir John Stoughton, Knight, Lord Mayor of London, whose second son, John Stoughton of Dartford, married before 1475, Jane Joanne, one of the daughters and co-heirs of Roger Clitherow Chiderow, of Goldston, in Ash, by which marriage the estate of Little Betshanger, in Eastry parish, came to the family of Stoughton, from whom it passed first to Gibbs and then to Omer, with whom it remained until the decease of Lawrence Omer, of Ash, when his only daughter, Jane or Alice (there is a conflict in respect of her name raised in two differing sources), brought it back to the Stoughtons by her marriage with Thomas Stoughton of Ash and afterwards of St. Martin’s, Canterbury, son of Edward, of the Moat Farm aforesaid.

Thomas Stoughton died in 1591 and left three daughters, his co-heirs, one of whom, named Elizabeth, married Thomas Wilde of St. Martin’s Hill, Canterbury, Esq., and he alienated this estate of the Moat Farm to Mr. John Proude who resided here, as did his descendants, to the time of Charles the Second. Another daughter, Helen, married Edward Nethersole of Canterbury, and the third daughter, Mary, married Henry Parriage Paramour of Tehnitt. The will of Thomas Stockton of New Canterbury, Kent, England, 1591, named daughters Nethersole, Wilde, Paramour Parriage, brother Joel, sister Omer, sisters Fuller and Cole and nephew Thomas Stoughton of Suffolk and the two daughters of Thomas Stoughton the minister.

From Hasted's History of Kent. 'Parishes: Northborne', The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 9 (1800), pp. 583-604. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63599&strquery=omer. Date accessed: 17 January 2008.


LITTLE BETSHANGER is an estate in the western part of this parish, which was antiently accounted a manor, and had once owners of the same name; one of whom, Ralph de Betshanger, was possessed of it in king Edward II.'s reign, as was his descendant Thomas de Bethanger, in the 20th year of the next reign of king Edward III. Soon after which, Roger de Cliderow, says Philipott, was proprietor of it, as appears by the seals of old evidences, which commenced from that reign, the shields on which are upon a chevron, between three eagles, five annulets. Notwithstanding which, it appears by the gravestone over his successor, Richard Clitherow, esq. in Ash church, that the arms of these Clitherows were, Three cups covered, within a bordure, ingrailed, or; at least that he bore different arms from those of his predecessor. At length, Roger Clitherow died without male issue, leaving three daughters his coheirs; of whom Joane, the second, married John Stoughton, of Dartford, second son of Sir John Stoughton, lord-mayor of London. After which, this estate was alienated from this family of Stoughton to Gibbs, from which name it passed into that of Omer; in which it staid, till Laurence Omer, gent. of Ash, leaving an only daughter and heir Jane, she carried it in marriage to T. Stoughton, gent of Ash, afterwards of St. Martin's, Canterbury, son of Edward Stoughton, of Ash, the grandson of John Stoughton, of Dartford, the former possessor of this estate. He died in 1591, leaving three daughters his coheirs; of whom, Elizabeth was married to Thomas Wild, esq. of St. Martin's, Canterbury; Ellen to Edward Nethersole, gent. and Mary to Henry Paramore, gent. of St. Nicholas, and they by a joint conveyance passed it away to Mr. John Gookin, who about the first year of king James, alienated it to Sir Henry Lodelow, and he again, in the next year of king Charles I. sold it to Edward Boys, esq. of Great Betshanger, whole descendant Edward Grotius Boys, dying s. p. in 1706, gave it by will to his kinsman Thomas Brett, LL. D. who not long afterwards alienated it to Sir Henry Furnese, bart. of Waldershare, and his son, Sir Robert Furnese, bart. of the same place, died possessed of it in 1733. His three daughters and coheirs afterwards succeeded to his estates, on the partition of which this estate was wholly allotted, among others, to Anne, the eldest sister, wife of John, viscount St. John, which was confirmed by an act passed next year. After which it descended down to their grandson George, viscount Bolingbroke, who sold it in 1791 to Mr. Thomas Clark, the present owner of it. The house is large, and has been the residence of gentlemen; a family of the name of Boys has inhabited it for many years, Mr. John Boys now resides in it, a gentleman, whose scientific knowledge in husbandry is well known, especially by the publication of the Agricultural Society of the state of it, and its improvements in this county, for which they are, I believe, wholly indebted to him. 		STOUGHTON, Thomas (I9100)
 
1398 Edward was a mariner. He apparently went off to sea at a very early age, most likely around age 14 and didn't return home until some 18 years later. I have been unable to locate him on any census return up to and including 1901. Consequently, very little is known of him. It is suggested that Edward, nicknamed Teddy, fought in the Boer War and was sleeping on board a ship off the coast of South Africa at the time that it was attacked and all hands massacred. The family does not think he married.

Edward's story picks up with a signing on to the crew of the ship "Glenmorag" (Ship whose official number is 73853). At that time he would have been in his 20s and certainly not the young lad of our family lore. The ship was launched in Glasgow during 1876 and sunk off the coast of Ocean Park, Washingston, U.S.A. on 18/19 March 1896. On a visit with Edith Owlett and Dorothy Hardman during June 2003, Edith produced a photograph of the crew of the Glenmorag taken circa 1889. I remarked that, at that time, Edward would have been grown man and not one of the boys on the deck. The Captain of the "Glenmorag", as inscribed on the photograph, was a Captain Archibald Currie. Capt. Currie had been in command of the Glenmorag for approximately only nine years before its sinking during early 1896. It is unknown if Edward was on the crew at the time of the sinking. Two men were lost during that event, neither one of them our Edward: James D. Adams of Dublin and John Readdie of Scotland. They are both buried in Ilwaco Cemetery, Pacific County, Washington State.

The news report from the San Francisco Chronicle follows:
"Portland, Oregon, March 20: The British ship "Glenmorag", Captain Archibald Currie, from Callao, in ballast, for Portland, went ashore about 4 p.m. yesterday on the coast of Washington seven miles above Ilwaco in a dense fog. She sailed from Shields, August 15th, and arrived at Callao December 9th.

The first intimation of the wreck reached Ocean Park about 5 o'clock when one of the crew arrived at Mrs. Taylor's seeking assistance for his injured companions. The news spread to Nahcotta like wildfire and soon after a large number of residents made their way to the scene of the wreck, where they found the captain and crew, of whom two were killed and four injured.

The ship struck at about high water and now lies port side to the shore. From Captain Currie it is learned that the first indications of danger was the cry of "Breaker on port bow!" from the man on the lookout. He immediately attempted to wear around and almost succeeded when she struck and swung around, broadside on, with her head to the southward. The after port and starboard boats were cleared away and lowered, both reaching the water about the same time. The mate, who was in the lee boat, attempted to pull out to sea, but was forced to let her drift in shore. The boat which had been lowered on the weather side in rounding the stern was caught by a tremendous sea and dashed up under the ship's counter crushing the occupants in a cruel manner and smashing the boat considerably, the air-tight tanks with which she was provided alone keeping her afloat.

The captain next set about lowering the forward boat, and reached the shore in safety an hour later. On landing he discovered that two men had been killed and four injured.

The "Glenmorag" is an iron, full-rigged ship of 1567 tons register, and was built on the Clyde, Scotland in 1876. She is owned by R. & C. Allan who were also the owners of the Strathblane, which was wrecked near the same spot four years ago this month. Captain Curried had been in command of her the past nine years.

The "Glenmorag" was the last of the clipper ships built for the Allan Line, and was owned by R.S. and C.A. Allan of Glasgow. She was launched at Glasgow in 1876, was 255 feet long, 38 feet beam, and 22 feet deep, and of 1567 tons."

"Over the past 300 years, almost 2,000 vessels of all types and about 700 lives have been claimed by the treacherous waters off the Peninsula where the Glenmorag went down. In the days before GPS and cell phones, sailors sometimes had little idea where they were in relation to the shoreline, especially during raging winter storms that can last for weeks. Even when visibility was acceptable, ships often had trouble traversing the Columbia River bar, the area in which the gigantic flow of the river rushes headlong into towering ocean waves. Sailing ships had a terrible time getting into the Columbia, since the two natural channels through the broad, sediment-choked river mouth - particularly the north channel - forced ships to turn sideways to the wind and waves." The foregoing excerpt was taken from Shipwrecks, Graveyard of the Pacific, a website found at www.funbeach.com.

The Allan line funnels were red with a narrow white band below a black top.


The ship Glenmorag grounded near Ocean Park March 19, 1896. Two of her sailors were killed while attempting to escape the wreck. The rest arrived safely ashore, although some were injured.
Attempts to salvage the British ship were unsuccessful, and the iron ship was cut up on the beach.
Her figurehead was salvaged by one of her sailors, William Begg, who stayed in the area the rest of his life. The figurehead graced Begg's yard for many years

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Possible marriage:

Name: Edward Gregory
Gender: Male
Age: 24
Birth Date: 1848
Marriage Date: 26 Dec 1872
Marriage Place: Dunkirk, Kent, England
Father: Edward Gregory
Spouse: Mary Halifale Mayner
FHL Film Number: 1836243
Reference ID: bk 3 pg 76

Name:
Edward Gregory
Event Type:
Marriage
Event Date:
26 Dec 1872
Event Place:
Dunkirk, Kent, England, United Kingdom
Event Place (Original):
Dunkirk , Christ Church, Kent
Age:
24
Birth Year (Estimated):
1848
Father's Name:
Edward Gregory
Spouse's Name:
Mary Halifax Mayner
Spouse's Age:
23
Spouse's Birth Year (Estimated):
1849
Spouse's Father's Name:
James Mayner
Page:
76

James Mayner father of Mary Halifax Mayner (born at sea ca 1849) who married Edward Gregory at Dunkirk in 1872 was residing at Dunkirk in 1871 as follows:
RG10/976, ED 2, fol. 19, p. 6
Household Sch. #27, Near Lion Inn:
James Mayner, head, widower, 61, pensioner, born Fording Bridge, Hants
Priscilla Mayner, daughter, unm, 27, born Cork, Ireland
Catherine Sarareh Mayner, daughter, unm, 15, borh Malta, British Subject
Louisa Turnbull, visitor, widow, 34, born Ramsgate, Kent
Harry Andrew Turnbull, visitor, 6, born Ramsgate, Kent

Her mother was supposed Catherine Susannah Bing, 1822 St. Mary Northgate, Cby-1857 Malta. She was 29 in 1851 census at St. Mary Northgate, Cby.

Probate Index 1898, p. 233:
Mayner James of The ville of Dunkirk, Kent army-pensioner, died 26 December 1897. Probate Canterbury 9 March to Priscilla Mayner spinster and the reverend William John Springett, clerk. Effects GB24 12s 8d.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name: Age at Death (in years): Order:
GREGORY, EDWARD 42 Order
GRO Reference: 1857 J Quarter in FAVERSHAM Volume 02A Page 321

GREGORY, EDWARD 27 Order
GRO Reference: 1870 S Quarter in GUILDFORD Volume 02A Page 32

GREGORY, EDWARD 69 Order
GRO Reference: 1876 S Quarter in GRAVESEND Volume 02A Page 243

GREGORY, EDWARD PERCIVAL 40 Order
GRO Reference: 1882 M Quarter in BRIDGE Volume 02A Page 491

GREGORY, EDWARD 48 Order
GRO Reference: 1887 D Quarter in CROYDON Volume 02A Page 157 Order

GREGORY, EDWARD WILLIAM 0 Order
GRO Reference: 1887 S Quarter in MEDWAY Volume 02A Page 294


GREGORY, EDWARD WILLIAM 0 Order
GRO Reference: 1887 S Quarter in MEDWAY Volume 02A Page 294

GREGORY, EDWARD 42 Order
GRO Reference: 1894 J Quarter in MEDWAY Volume 02A Page 301

GREGORY, EDWARD 69 Order
GRO Reference: 1898 M Quarter in GRAVESEND Volume 02A Page 376 Order
GREGORY, EDWARD 83 Order
GRO Reference: 1898 S Quarter in MEDWAY Volume 02A Page 397 Order
GREGORY, EDWARD 73 Order
GRO Reference: 1901 D Quarter in MALLING Volume 02A Page 434 Order
GREGORY, EDWARD DAVID GEORGE 0 Order
GRO Reference: 1899 J Quarter in FAVERSHAM Volume 02A Page 539

GREGORY, EDWARD 73 Order
GRO Reference: 1901 D Quarter in MALLING Volume 02A Page 434 Order
GREGORY, EDWARD JOB 1 Order
GRO Reference: 1904 D Quarter in BROMLEY Volume 02A Page 299

GREGORY, EDWARD 85 Order
GRO Reference: 1906 S Quarter in RICHMOND SURREY Volume 02A Page 294

GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN 7 Order
GRO Reference: 1915 M Quarter in STROOD Volume 02A Page 1166

GREGORY, EDWARD TOWNSEND 74 Order
GRO Reference: 1919 J Quarter in RICHMOND Volume 02A Page 510

GREGORY, EDWARD 67 Order
GRO Reference: 1923 D Quarter in DARTFORD Volume 02A Page 694

GREGORY, EDWARD 82 Order
GRO Reference: 1927 M Quarter in CROYDON Volume 02A Page 663

GREGORY, EDWARD 73 Order
GRO Reference: 1932 J Quarter in FAVERSHAM Volume 02A Page 1266 Order
GREGORY, EDWARD 75 Order
GRO Reference: 1932 D Quarter in FAVERSHAM Volume 02A Page 1245 Order
GREGORY, EDWARD THOMAS 77 Order
GRO Reference: 1932 D Quarter in RICHMOND Volume 02A Page 660

GREGORY, EDWARD WILLIAM 64 Order
GRO Reference: 1935 J Quarter in SEVENOAKS Volume 02A Page 1047 		GREGORY, Edward (I1520)
 
1399 Edward's burial records him as being 8 years old. COPPEN, Edward ^ (I4594)
 
1400 Edwin Sandys married four times:

1st Wife - Margaret Eveleigh - Daughter of John Eveleigh from Devon, Edwin married sometime in the mid-1580s. They had one child - Elizabeth, born about 1585, she later married her own second cousin, Sir Thomas Wilford of Kent, who was executed as a royalist in 1648. Edwin's first wife, died in childbirth in July 1588; Edwin's father died the same month. Margaret's brother, Nicholas Eveleigh, who had been at Corpus Christi College with Richard Hooker and Edwin, became one of Sir Edwin's stewards.

2nd Wife - Anne Southcote - Daughter of Thomas Southcote/Southcott of Devon, a cousin of his first wife, he married sometime during the early 1590s and she died in 1593.

3rd Wife - Elizabeth Nevinson - Daughter of Thomas and Ann Nevinson, a well-established family from Eastry (near to Northbourne) - he married Elizabeth about 1601. The Nevinson family held the Canterbury Chapter manorial estate at Eastry from about 1550 to 1630. There are a number of Nevinson memorials in Eastry Church, including a large brass of Elizabeth's father, Thomas 'Nevynson' who died in July 1590. It seems they were only married for a few years before Elizabeth died. Hasted records they had a daughter - Anne - who married Thomas Engeham from the nearby parish of Goodnestone.

4th Wife - Katherine Bulkeley - born 1583, daughter of Sir Richard and Mary Bulkeley of Anglesey. She married Edwin in 1605 when he was approaching his mid-forties she was about 22; in the next two decades they had twelve children. Their youngest son, Francis was born when Edwin was well into his fifties and a miscarriage occurred in 1620 when Edwin was 58. Although there is an effigy of Lady Sandys in Northbourne church, the later plaque makes no mention of her; she outlived her husband by a number of years and died in 1640.

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Sir Edwin Sandys and Northbourne

The following is an extract is from Professor Theodore K. Rabb's book Jacobean Gentleman Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561-1629 and is reproduced with the permission of Princeton University Press.

'Sandys acquired from the crown in 1611 the "moiety" of the manor of Northbourne, Kent, which became his principal residence. The land had once been owned by the Cranmer family, and was not far away from Sir Edwin's other Kent holdings. The formal grant of the property in March 1614, a month before the new Parliament met, was probably part of the Court's campaign to neutralize influential M.P.s, though it still cost Sandys £850. He may have been at Northbourne as long as five years earlier, but only in 1614 did he began to construct an imposing mansion on the site.

'Since the building was pulled down 1750, one can only guess at its size, but a few relics and a conjectured floor plan suggest that the house had two wings, one approximately eighty feet by sixty feet, the other about fifty feet square linked by a fifty-foot-long colonnade. If the building was on anything like this scale, even a two storey structure would suggest a cost of over £5000, possibly approaching to £10,000, by comparison with some of the better-known houses of the period. And if the floor plan can be trusted, the resultant conversion of an old monastic house created one of the first Italianate villas in England, earlier than the Queen's House that Inigo Jones designed in Greenwich. Inspired by his Italian journey (and perhaps by his friend Wotton), Sandys was making a signal contribution to the great building boom of early Stuart times.

'Like so many participants in that extravagant outburst, however, he undertook a burden of expenditure that he could not discharge. In the absence of information about his finances, we cannot be sure, but it seems likely that the prime cause of Sir Edwin's near impoverishment in his last years was his lavish spending on real estate'.

© 1998 Princeton University Press (http://www.pup.princeton.edu). (Theodore K. Rabb Jacobean Gentleman. Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561-1629, p.50, Princeton University Press 1998).

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Sir Edwin Sandys's expenditure included draining the marshland around Northbourne in 1609-11. He deepened the North Stream where it drained the northern part of the Lydden Valley which was 'much annoyed by abundance of waters'. A channel was made suitable for a boat to pass from the watering place at Northbourne Court to Sandwich and so was able to clear the the stream of weeds.[1] He also spent £100 on paving stones shipped from Amsterdam in 1621.[2] In 1622 there must have been substantial refurbishment being undertaken at Northbourne as in the autumn Edwin writes that 'I come up [to London] in the time of receiving my rents, and before I can get them. I leave a multitude of workmen in all parts of my house, without oversight, account, or direction'.[3]

Note: [1] - Dorothy Gardiner (1954) Historic Haven the Story of Sandwich, 217. Gardiner cites Catchment Board Vol. V (1609). [2] - Theodore K. Rabb Jacobean Gentleman. Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561-1629, p.51, note 44. The drainage work was possibly inspired by his brother, Sir Miles Sandys (1563 - 1644) of Wilberton in Cambridgeshire, who had a keen interest in drainage. [3] - Susan Kingsbury, (1906-35), The Records of the Virginia Company of London, Vol 3, 691. Letter to John Ferrar dated 13 October 1622.

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Sir Edwin Sandys and the Virginia Company

The following paragraphs describe some of the key events in the development of the Virginia colony; they are not intended to give an exhaustive history.

Elizabethan attempts to set up a colony in the New World were unsuccessful; in July 1585 one group of colonists sent by Sir Walter to Roanoke Island, in what is now North Carolina, gave up and returned to England. When the supply ships arrived shortly after, they found only a deserted settlement. Sir Richard Grenville, commander of the supply fleet, left behind 15 men to hold the island and sailed back to England. Not surprisingly the 15 men were never seen again.
1606 - 10th April - James I of England and VI of Scotland issued a Charter for the exploration and settlement of the mid-Atlantic coast, now the eastern seaboard of the United States. The company was initially called the London Company and later the Virginia Company.

1607 - 13th May - A total of 107 male settlers and 36 sailors arrive at a site they name 'James Cittie' and establish the first permanent English settlement in the New World. Shortly afterwards on 26th May Paspahegh Indians attack the colonists, killing two and wounding ten.

1609/1610 - September 1609 to May 1610 - The 'starving time' reduces the population to 60 survivors from the previous autumn's population of 500-600. 1612 - John Rolfe tries a crop of tobacco to help save the Jamestown settlement.

1612 - Brothers Edwin, George and Henry Sandys, were signatories of the Third Charter of Virginia on March 12th 1612. Edwin never actually set foot in the New World colonies, although both his brothers George (see 1621) and Henry did. Henry Sandys (1572 - 1654), married Priscilla Chauncey and was admitted a freeman of Boston in 1640, he died in New England in 1654.

1614 - Edwin became a member of the East India Company. John Rolfe marries Pocahontas and ships his first load of tobacco to England.

1615 - Edwin joined the Bermuda Company as one of the Gentlemen Adventurers who invested to colonize Bermuda. In 1619 he campaigned for the governorship of the Bermuda Company but failed.

Edwin was 56 years old when he began to take a major interest in the colonization of Virginia in the New World.

1619 - Edwin was elected treasurer of the Virginia Company. Governor Francis Yeardley was directed by Sir Edwin Sandys to issue writs for the election of a general assembly, and July 30, 1619, the first house of burgesses, the first representative legislature body ever assembled in America, met in the choir of the church at Jamestown. Its first law requires tobacco to be sold for at least three shillings per pound. The constitution, whereby the people of Virginia should only be governed and taxed with their own consent and should have an Assembly modelled on the House of Commons to regulate the internal affairs of the colony, later served as a model for the Constitution of the United States of America.
Other business of this historic meeting was a tax of 1lb of tobacco levied on every man and manservant above 16 years of age. A Thomas Garnett, servant of Captain William Powell was condemned to stand for four days with his ears nailed to the pillory for extreme neglect of his master's business and impudent abuse.

1620 - May - Edwin's position as treasurer expired but the Company was keen to re-elect him. James I was deeply suspicious of the Virginia Company, as many members were M.P.s, and he demanded the election of one of four candidates he had named. The Company remonstrated and appointed Sandys as temporary treasurer. James replied that Sandys was his 'greatest enemy and that he could hardly think well of whomsoever was his friend' and they could 'Choose the Devil if you like, but not Sir Edwin Sandys'. Sandys withdrew and his friend Henry Wriothesley (3rd Earl of Southampton 1573-1624, better known as the patron of Shakespeare) was elected, although Edwin still retained much influence in the company's affairs.

In January 1620 the City of London had appointed 100 children from their 'superfluous multitude' to be transported to Virginia, to be bound apprentices 'upon beneficial conditions'. A sum of £500 granted for their 'passage and outfit.' Some of these children were reluctant to go and the City was seeking the authority to compel them.

1621 - George Sandys (1578-1644), Edwin's brother, poet and traveller, accompanied the new governor, Sir Francis Wyatt, to Virginia, where he remained until 1631. Incidentally, Sir Francis Wyatt married Edwin and George's niece, Margaret. George Sandys wrote a letter to Samuel Wrote describing the dire state of the colony which unintentionally contributed to the collapse of the Virginia Company. George Sandy's plantation was across the James River from Jamestown. In 1621 he became colonial treasurer of the Virginia Company. While in Virginia, George Sandys produced his most famous work, a translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1626.

1622 - 22nd March - A Powhatan Indian attack, in an attempt to drive off the English for good, killed 347 colonists and destroyed valuable crops and supplies necessary to survive the winter. This was the start of a war that lasted a decade.

1624 - King James annulled the Virginia Company's charter and Virginia became a royal colony.

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Sir Edwin Sandys of Northbourne Court (1561-1629)
Bibliography
Lee, Sidney, (Ed.) 1897, Dictionary Of National Biography Vol L. [Sir Edwin Sandys, 286-290.]
Kingsbury, Susan M., 1906-35, The Records of the Virginia Company of London, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C.)
Northbourne, Lord, 1900, ‘Northbourne Court’, Archaeologia Cantiana, xxiv, 96-107. [History of Northbourne Court by Walter John James, 1869-1932, 3rd Baron. Includes foldout map of Northbourne, detailed account of the life of Sir Edwin Sandys and a drawing of the Sandys memorial in St. Augustine's church.]
Rabb, T. K., 1998, Jacobean Gentleman, Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561-1629. [Biography of Sir Edwin Sandys, including his parliamentary career and early 17th century political events.]
Sandys Edward Seton, 1930, History of the Family of Sandys of Cumberland, afterwards of Furness in North Lancashire, and its branches in other parts of England and in Ireland, etc. (Barrow Printing Co. Barrow-in-Furness)
Secor, Philip B. 1999, Richard Hooker Prophet of Anglicanism. [Richard Hooker was Edwin Sandys's tutor and friend at Corpus Christi College Oxford. The book gives a good insight into college life and Edwin's role in the publication of Richard Hooker's book, Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity.]
Thorneycroft John, 1998, 'The Lost Court at Northbourne', Northbourne Parish Magazine, October 1998. 		SANDYS, Sir Edwin (I10187)
 

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